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La fata morgana: el fenómeno de los barcos fantasmas – Nuestroclima
Es uno de los espejismos más fascinantes de la naturaleza: objetos enormes que se elevan en el aire. Se han visto castillos, montañas, icebergs y barcos fantasma flotando por encima del horizonte .
Sobre el mar, en la línea donde este parece juntarse con el cielo, pueden observarse embarcaciones navegando por encima del agua, como si estuvieran en suspensión.
Lo que ven los lugareños no es una alucinación ni una ilusión óptica, sino un espejismo , una visión real que se produce por la confluencia de varios factores. Hoy tenemos una explicación científica sobre esta anomalía, pero antiguamente marineros y navegantes sentían pánico cuando veían estas imágenes en alta mar, pues las atribuían a maldiciones o hechizos. Estos espejismos distorsionan la apariencia de los objetos situados en el horizonte, que son proyectados como si flotaran.
Esquema del proceso de formación de los espejismos. / Camilo Florian Baron
El fenómeno del que hablamos se conoce como ‘fata morgana’, una denominación que procede del latín y significa hada Morgana , en alusión a la hermana del legendario rey Arturo, que según la leyenda era un hada cambiante. El espejismo, frecuente en el estrecho de Mesina, hace que las personas vean cosas donde no las hay debido a la existencia de distintas capas de aire con densidades diferentes. Como resultado, los rayos de luz se refractan, pero quien ve el espejismo no percibe esas diferentes capas, y de ahí el desconcierto.
Para entenderlo, hay que acudir a la óptica. El libro Descubriendo la luz (Editorial CSIC – Los Libros de la Catarata) explica cómo se produce la ‘fata morgana’. “Los espejismos son fenómenos asociados a la propagación de la luz en medios no homogéneos, donde el índice de refracción varía continuamente con la altura y, por tanto, la luz describe trayectorias curvas . Dichas curvas presentan una concavidad en la dirección de aumento del índice de refracción. Es decir, la luz se curva hacia el medio (agua, aire, etc.) con mayor índice de refracción”. En otras palabras, en un espejismo la luz ‘se dobla’ al atravesar las capas de aire a distinta temperatura. Como resultado, “la posición real del objeto está sujeta a la interpretación humana, ya que la formación de la imagen está condicionada por la refracción de la luz”.
Los espejismos pueden clasificarse en inferiores y superiores. La ‘fata morgana’ que alucina a los habitantes y turistas de la costa meridional de Sicilia es un ejemplo de espejismo superior . Como explica el libro Descubriendo la luz , “este se produce cuando el índice de refracción disminuye con la altura, algo que suele darse en zonas frías, donde la capa de aire próxima al suelo es muy fría y es más densa que las capas superiores”. Precisamente lo que sucede en el mar, donde generalmente el agua está a menor temperatura que el aire, produciendo un enfriamiento de las capas de aire más próximas a la superficie del agua. De este modo cambia su densidad y, por tanto, la forma en la que los rayos de luz se refractan. El resultado es el espejismo, bajo la apariencia de barcos que flotan sobre el mar o elementos en el horizonte como islas, acantilados o témpanos de hielo, con siluetas alargadas que les dan una apariencia fantasmal . Estos efectos suelen ser visibles por la mañana, después de una noche fría.
Vía: blogs.20minutos
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