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600 especies de plantas ya se han extinguido de la faz de la Tierra – Nuestroclima
Por primera vez, un grupo de científicos del Real Jardín Botánico de Kew (Reino Unido) y de la Universidad de Estocolmo(Suecia) ha compilado un análisis global de todos los registros de extinción de plantas documentados en todo el mundo a lo largo de los últimos 250 años.
El estudio encontró que 571 especies de plantas habían desaparecido en los últimos dos siglos y medio . Una cifra que supone más del doble del número de aves, mamíferos y anfibios registrados como extintos (un total combinado de 217 especies).
«La mayoría de las personas pueden nombrar un mamífero o ave que se ha extinguido en los últimos siglos, pero pocos pueden nombrar una planta extinta», se lamenta Aelys M Humphreys, de la Universidad de Estocolmo.
Los científicos han descubierto que la extinción de las plantas se está produciendo a un ritmo muy superior con respecto a las denominadas tasas de extinción «naturales» (la tasa normal de pérdida en la historia de la Tierra antes de la intervención humana), hasta 500 veces más rápido .
Otras conclusiones que ha arrojado el análisis de los expertos guarda relación con que las tasas más altas de extinción de plantas se encuentran en las islas , en los trópicos y en las áreas con un clima mediterráneo : regiones de «biodiversidad típica» que albergan muchas especies únicas vulnerables a las actividades humanas.
Al parecer, las especies de plantas que son leñosas (como los árboles y los arbustos) y con un rango geográfico pequeño (como las que se limitan a las pequeñas islas) son más probables de ser declaradas como extintas.
Los resultados sugieren, también, que el aumento en la tasa de extinción de plantas podría deberse a los mismos factores que se documentan como amenazas para las plantas que sobreviven: la fragmentación y destrucción de la vegetación nativa como consecuencia de la reducción o de la pérdida del hábitat de un gran número de especies de rango restringido.
Algunos ejemplos de las plantas que han desaparecido de la naturaleza durante los últimos 250 años son el sándalo de Juan Fernández , (Santalum fernandezianum ), la trinidad de bandas (Thismia americana ) o el olivo de Santa Helena (Nesiota elliptica ).
Un aspecto positivo del trabajo ha sido la evidencia de que 430 especies que alguna vez se consideraron extintas se han redescubierto . Tal coyuntura solo significa encontrar algunos individuos supervivientes, como es el caso del azulillo (Tecophilaea cyanocrocus ). Y el 90% de las plantas redescubiertas aún presentan un alto riesgo de extinción, matizan los expertos.
«Las plantas sustentan toda la vida en la tierra, proporcionan el oxígeno que respiramos y los alimentos que comemos, además de constituir la columna vertebral de los ecosistemas del mundo. Esta nueva comprensión de la extinción de plantas nos ayudará a predecir (y tratar de prevenir ) futuras extinciones de plantas, así como a otros organismos», asegura Nic Lughadha, del Real Jardín Botánico de Kew.
Vía: abc.es
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