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Mapa del agua oculta bajo tierra – Nuestroclima
23 millones de km cúbicos.Esa es la cantidad total de agua atrapada entre la roca y el suelo, bajo nuestros pies.
Si no puedes visualizar esta cifra, trata de imaginarte toda la superficie de la Tierra cubierta por una capa de agua de 180 metros de profundidad.
Este es el cálculo que hizo un equipo internacional de investigadores que, por primera vez, creó un mapa que muestra las reservas totales de agua subterránea en el planeta.
Sólo el 6% del agua subterránea es la que podemos usar con relativa facilidad.
De toda esta cantidad, sólo una mínima fracción –el 6%– es el tipo de líquido que podemos aprovechar mejor. Es la que se conoce como agua subterránea «moderna» y es fácil de extraer porque está cerca de la superficie.
«Es el agua subterránea que se renueva más rápidamente, en una escala de vidas humanas», explicó Tom Gleeson, de la Universidad de Victoria, en Canadá, y autor principal del estudio.
Cambio climático: el agua subterránea será cada vez más vital
«Pero es este agua subterránea moderna la que también es más sensible al cambio climático y a la contaminación humana. Es un recurso vital que tenemos que manejar mejor».
Más salada que el mar
Para cuantificar cuánta agua está almacenada en los dos kilómetros superiores de la superficie de la Tierra, el equipo de Gleeson que combinar distintos tipos de información, como por ejemplo la permeabilidad de las rocas y el suelo, la porosidad y datos sobre los niveles de precipitación.
Clave para determinar la edad del agua almacenada es la medición de los niveles de tritio.
El tritio es una forma radioactiva del hidrógeno que alcanzó un máximo en la atmósfera hace 50 años como resultado de pruebas con bombas termonucleares.
Por esta razón puede usarse como marcador para reconocer toda la lluvia que alcanzó las napas subterráneas desde ese entonces.
El mapa creado por los científicos muestra la distribución del agua moderna en el globo.
Las tonalidades azules muestran en donde se renueva rápidamente. El celeste las aguas más antiguas, que están estancadas y no se renuevan.
«El agua antigua es altamente variable», le dice Gleeson a la BBC.
«En algunos lugares es muy profunda, en otros no. En algunos sitios puede ser de muy mala calidad», agrega.
«Puede ser más salada incluso que el agua del océano y puede contener muchos metales y otras sustancias químicas disueltas. Necesita ser tratada si se la quiere utilizar para beber o en la agricultura».
Esto deja en evidencia que hace falta manejar las reservas de agua moderna de una manera sostenible.
El estudio enfatiza lo dispar que es su distribución en el mundo.
El siguiente paso, dice Gleeson, es tratar de medir cuán rápido se están vaciando algunas reservas.
Ying Fan, un investigador de la Universidad Rutgers, en Estados Unidos, quien no participó en el estudio, espera que «esta visión global sobre el agua subterránea cree conciencia de que nuestros recursos de agua subterránea más jóvenes -los más sensibles a los los cambios antropogénicos y al medio ambiente- son finitos». El estudio fue publicado en la revista Nature Geoscience.
Vía: bbc.com/mundo/noticias
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