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La precipitación global se reduce a causa de las erupciones volcánicas – Nuestroclima
El cambio climático está ocurriendo en todo el mundo a medida que el aumento de 1 ºC en la temperatura de la Tierra ha llevado al aumento del nivel del mar, al derretimiento del hielo del Ártico y a olas de calor y nevadas no estacionales.
Para predecir con precisión los cambios climáticos artificiales provocados por el aumento de los gases de efecto invernadero, es importante comprender los efectos de factores naturales como las actividades solares y volcánicas. Un estudio reciente ha mostrado cómo la precipitación global disminuye cuando los volcanes hacen erupción en los trópicos.
YOGYAKARTA, INDONESIA – OCTOBER 29: Mount Merapi spews pyroclastic smoke as seen from Balerante village in Klaten, on October 29, 2010, near Yogyakarta, Indonesia. At least 36 people were killed in earlier eruptions this week, with authorities evacuating villagers within a 10km zone on after warning more eruptions are imminent. Mount Merapi, the ‘Mountain of Fire’ is the most active volcano in Indonesia. (Photo by Ulet Ifansasti/Getty Images) El profesor Seung-Ki Min y el Dr. Seungmok Paik del departamento de ingeniería ambiental de POSTECH y los investigadores del Centro Nacional de Investigación Científica de Francia, el Instituto de Tecnología de Zurich y la Universidad de Edimburgo han publicado nuevos hallazgos que El Niño inducido por las erupciones volcánicas juega un papel importante papel clave en la disminución de la precipitación global.
Hasta ahora, los estudios han demostrado que la actividad volcánica reduce la precipitación en todo el mundo, pero su mecanismo específico no estaba claro. Estos resultados de investigación se publicaron recientemente en Science Advances .
Respuesta de precipitación global después de la erupción volcánica. Hay una disminución significativa en la precipitación en el área de monzones de verano (marrón) por hemisferio. Durante los dos o tres años posteriores a la erupción volcánica del Monte Pinatubo en 1991, la temperatura global promedio disminuyó en aproximadamente 0.2 ºC. Esto se debe a que el polvo masivo y los gases de efecto invernadero emitidos por la erupción reflejaron la luz del sol e impidieron que su calor llegara a la Tierra.
Las actividades volcánicas, junto con estos efectos de enfriamiento, reducen la precipitación terrestre global , pero su escala varía mucho según la simulación de cada modelo climático. Por primera vez, el equipo conjunto de investigación confirmó que el factor principal para la caída de la precipitación después de estas erupciones volcánicas es la diferencia en la respuesta de El Niño.
El Niño es un patrón climático que ocurre cada tres u ocho años, debilitando los vientos alisios en el Océano Pacífico ecuatorial y elevando las temperaturas del nivel del mar en el Pacífico Oriental, causando condiciones climáticas extremas en todo el mundo, incluidas sequías y fuertes lluvias. Bajo la influencia de El Niño, la reducción de la precipitación se produce especialmente en las regiones monzónicas mundiales, incluidos el sudeste de Asia, India, Sudáfrica, Australia y América Latina.
El equipo comparó varias simulaciones de modelos climáticos y descubrió que El Niño apareció en el año siguiente a una erupción volcánica en la mayoría de los modelos , con una caída significativa en la precipitación alrededor de la región del monzón global. En particular, la fuerza de El Niño fue diferente para cada simulación, y cuanto más fuerte era El Niño, más pronunciada era la reducción de la precipitación.
El equipo de investigación también descubrió que cuanto más fuerte era el forzamiento volcánico y mayor era la temperatura del agua en el Océano Pacífico occidental, se desarrollaba un fenómeno de El Niño más fuerte, que a su vez intensificó la reducción de la precipitación.
Se espera que estos hallazgos se utilicen para identificar los efectos secundarios de las técnicas de geoingeniería o para predecir el clima de los últimos años.En particular, sugiere que si se utilizan técnicas de geoingeniería para reducir el calentamiento global mediante la pulverización de dióxido de azufre, el componente principal de las cenizas volcánicas, en la estratosfera inferior para imitar volcanes artificiales, podrían producir efectos secundarios inesperados al cambiar los patrones de precipitación en todo el mundo.
El profesor Seung-Ki Min declaró: «Si se aplican técnicas de geoingeniería para imitar volcanes y bloquear la luz solar, la sequía y la escasez de agua pueden aumentar significativamente en las regiones de los monzones, donde viven dos tercios de la población mundial».
Vía: Tiempo (Revista RAM)
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