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Las tres especies de elefantes enfrentan el riesgo de extinción debido a la caza furtiva por el marfil y a la degradación de su hábitat – Nuestroclima
Las tres especies actuales de elefantes están en peligro de extinción debido a la destrucción de sus hábitats y al tráfico ilegal de marfil. En el transcurso de un siglo, la población global de elefantes ha disminuido drásticamente de aproximadamente 12 millones a solo 400,000 individuos.
Según el Fondo Mundial para la Naturaleza (WWF), la principal amenaza para los elefantes africanos proviene de la caza furtiva impulsada por el comercio ilegal de marfil, mientras que los elefantes asiáticos enfrentan principalmente la pérdida de hábitats, lo que también genera conflictos con las comunidades locales.
Actualmente, existen tres especies de elefantes: dos africanas y una asiática, el elefante indio. Todas están protegidas y clasificadas en la Lista Roja de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (UICN). La especie africana de elefante de bosque está «en peligro crítico de extinción», mientras que las otras dos están «en peligro», según el informe de WWF.
En los últimos 30 años, se ha perdido el 90% de la población de elefantes de bosque, el 60% de los elefantes de sabana ha desaparecido en el último medio siglo, y actualmente quedan menos de 40,000 elefantes asiáticos, incluyendo los últimos 1,000 elefantes de Borneo, que están «en peligro» desde este año debido a la deforestación, la caza furtiva de marfil y los conflictos con las comunidades locales.
La reducción de las poblaciones de elefantes es preocupante no solo para las especies mismas, sino también para los ecosistemas. Los elefantes actúan como «ingenieros» del entorno al crear caminos que sirven de corredores para otras especies en los densos bosques. Sus huellas forman microhábitats donde pequeñas criaturas pueden sobrevivir, y como herbívoros y frugívoros, juegan un papel crucial en la dispersión de semillas de diversos árboles, que deben pasar por su sistema digestivo para poder germinar, de acuerdo con WWF.
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