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Así se forma un tornado – Nuestroclima
Para prever cómo se forma un tornado se deben tener en cuenta una serie de condiciones necesarias que propiciaran su formación.
La formación de los tornados sigue albergando muchas incógnitas para los científicos y meteorólogos que los estudian. Sin embargo sabemos que para que se formen, se tienen que dar una serie de condiciones meteorológicas especiales. Esta es la secuencia de sucesos que tiene lugar en la formación de estos devastadores remolinos que pueden transportar coches a kilómetros de distancia, o destruir tu casa dejando intacta la de tu vecino.
Se desarrollan cuando una fuerte corriente de aire descendente llega al suelo provocando un remolino en sentido horario (de nuevo, en el hemisferio norte) que levanta polvo, hojas y otros objetos pudiendo llegar a ocasionar daños de escasa o mediana importancia a viviendas y otras obras de infraestructura.
En principio, dos corrientes de aire, una fría y otra caliente convergen en horizontal. En este encuentro, el aire caliente que debería estar por encima del frío, queda atrapado en un plano inferior, produciendo que ambas corrientes fluyan a diferentes alturas, de forma paralela y con direcciones opuestas. Llegado el momento, la corriente de aire frío y seco comienza a descender, mientras que la otra, más cálida y húmeda se eleva , produciendo una corriente en forma de tubo giratorio. Según avanza el proceso, esta corriente de aire tubular comienza a ganar velocidad. Posteriormente el aire caliente continúa ascendiendo a la vez que el frío desciende, levantando el vórtice del tornado hacia una posición vertical. Una vez el vórtice toca el suelo , la corriente de aire acelera nuevamente, produciéndose el remolino en forma de trompo tan característico de los tornados.A continuación, mientras que el aire frío desciende alrededor de los flancos del trompo, el flujo de aire caliente atrapado bajo la primera, encuentra, a través del vórtice, una vía de ascenso idónea , por lo que siguiendo esta ruta, comienza a elevarse en vertical de forma mucho más violenta y masiva. Este desplazamiento genera un efecto de «aspiración» , razón por la cual los tornados pueden levantar vehículos e incluso viviendas haciéndolas volar literalmente. Llegado el momento en el que ambos flujos de aire, tanto el caliente ascendente como el frío que desciende, alcanzan valores constantes, el viento en el interior del «trompo» puede registrar velocidades de hasta 480 kilómetros por hora. Un tornado de estas características, cuyo vórtice puede alcanzar la distancia récord de 4,1 kilómetros de diámetro -registrada en el tornado bautizado como «El Reno «, que se produjo en el estado de Oklahoma en mayo de 2013- también puede desplazarse sobre el terreno hasta los 180 kilómetros por hora.
Vía: https://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/
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