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Chubut: Decenas de ballenas muertas y se investiga el impacto ambiental – Nuestroclima
En la costa de Península Valdés, en la provincia de Chubut, se ha registrado una mortandad atípica de ballenas francas australes. Entre junio y octubre de 2024, las autoridades reportaron la muerte de 71 ejemplares, una cifra que casi triplica los fallecimientos ocurridos el año pasado.
Este fenómeno, que involucra tanto a ballenas adultas como a crías, ha generado alarma entre la comunidad científica y las organizaciones dedicadas a la protección de esta especie emblemática del Atlántico Sur. Los cadáveres de las ballenas han sido encontrados en diversas zonas de la península, principalmente en el Golfo Nuevo y el Golfo San José. En los monitoreos, se observó que la mayoría de los ejemplares afectados son hembras adultas y sus crías, las cuales arriban a las costas después de un largo ayuno para alimentarse del plancton primaveral, especialmente denso en esta temporada.
Posibles causas: ¿Qué está detrás de esta mortandad? Las investigaciones están enfocadas en las floraciones algales nocivas, conocidas comúnmente como «mareas rojas», como una de las causas más probables de este fenómeno. Estas floraciones son naturales y se intensifican durante la primavera, liberando biotoxinas que contaminan el plancton y otros organismos marinos que las ballenas consumen. Estas toxinas se acumulan en los cuerpos de los cetáceos, causando efectos tóxicos que pueden resultar letales. Sin embargo, las autoridades de Chubut han señalado que los niveles de toxinas no son lo suficientemente altos como para emitir una alerta de marea roja.
Los científicos del Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero (INIDEP) y otros expertos continúan recolectando muestras de tejidos y fluidos de los animales varados para analizar posibles biotoxinas. Aunque los análisis de cholgas (un molusco marino) han revelado niveles de saxitoxina dentro de los límites seguros para los humanos, los investigadores señalan que las concentraciones de toxinas pueden variar dependiendo del lugar y el momento, afectando a las ballenas en puntos específicos de la península.
La acumulación de cadáveres de ballenas en las costas ha generado un reto logístico considerable. La Dirección de Flora y Fauna de Chubut, junto con la Administración de Vialidad Provincial y otras entidades, trabaja en la remoción de los cuerpos. Las tareas se concentran en zonas cercanas a Puerto Pirámides, un área de difícil acceso que complica la operación. Los equipos de rescate deben trasladar los cuerpos hacia zonas donde puedan ser enterrados o devueltos al mar para su descomposición natural.
El avanzado estado de descomposición de muchas de las ballenas complica el proceso, generando olores y gases que, en algunos casos, pueden provocar la explosión de los cadáveres, representando un riesgo tanto para los trabajadores como para el ecosistema local. Las autoridades han instado a la población y a los turistas a evitar acercarse a las ballenas varadas para prevenir problemas de salud y minimizar el impacto ambiental.
Un evento recurrente pero igualmente alarmante No es la primera vez que se registra un fenómeno similar en Península Valdés. En 2022, también se produjo una mortandad masiva, con cerca de 30 ballenas muertas en menos de un mes. Estos eventos resaltan la vulnerabilidad de la fauna marina ante los cambios ambientales y la proliferación de algas tóxicas en el ecosistema. A nivel global, se han documentado sucesos similares en diversas regiones, lo que pone de manifiesto la necesidad de realizar monitoreos continuos y de adoptar medidas preventivas.
Las ballenas francas australes desempeñan un papel crucial en el equilibrio de los ecosistemas marinos, ya que se alimentan de organismos microscópicos y pequeños peces, ayudando a controlar las poblaciones de plancton y a mantener la salud de las aguas. La pérdida de un número tan significativo de ballenas no solo afecta la biodiversidad, sino que también puede alterar las dinámicas de las cadenas tróficas en los golfos afectados.
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