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Cómo era la Antártida en el pasado – Nuestroclima
“La Antártida en el Jurásico, antes de que Sudamérica, África, India y Australia se separaran de ella, tenía un clima cálido y húmedo, con un terreno cubierto por una vegetación exuberante de tipo bosque húmedo.
parecido al que hoy se puede observar en los Andes Patagónicos, muy diferente al paisaje glaciar que vemos actualmente”, explica Manuel Montes, investigador del IGME y uno de los autores de memoria y mapas.
Gracias a esta riqueza paleobotánica excepcional, dichos afloramientos se incluyen en una “Zona Antártica de Especial Protección (ZAE)”. La memoria y cartografías que ahora presentan los investigadores del IGME son un recurso fundamental para delimitar y proteger adecuadamente dicha área, al aportar un marco geográfico y geológico que detalla los afloramientos sensibles de tan singular patrimonio geológico del planeta.
El trabajo que ahora ve la luz, los mapas geológico y geomorfológico a escala muy detallada (1:10.000) de bahía Esperanza, un lugar excepcional del planeta por su riqueza geológica y paleobotánica, es el resultado de más de una década de colaboración conjunta entre investigadores del Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME) y del Instituto Antártico Argentino (IAA).
Estos mapas, que integran una extensa y detallada memoria, se editan conjuntamente por el IGME y el IAA, dentro la nueva “Serie Cartográfica Geocientífica Antártica” del IGME.
Antártida Dentro del área cartografiada, se encuentra el Monte Flora que contienen una de las pocas floras fósiles conocidas del período Jurásico en la Antártida.
En este yacimiento, de roca oscura y pizarrosa, se han reconocido multitud de fósiles excelentemente preservados de hojas de plantas con esporas (equisetos) y helechos; hojas y madera fósil de plantas con semillas (gimnospermas), hojas y piñas de coníferas y también restos de fauna, como vertebras de peces, bivalvos y fragmentos fósiles de escarabajos. Estos últimos son los únicos que se citan en el continente antártico.
Estos restos vegetales se conservan, porque se acumularon en el fondo de un lago, hace 160 millones de años, al pie de montañas con volcanes activos, como lo muestran diferentes capas de ceniza volcánica de color más claro entre las rocas.
Además, en el área de bahía Esperanza se reconocen las formas del relieve derivadas del cambio a las condiciones climáticas más cálidas en Antártida durante el Holoceno (hace 14.000 años) y que continúan en la actualidad con el calentamiento global.
“La retracción de los arcos morrénicos de derrubios glaciares o las de las propias lenguas de hielo, de cuyos frentes en regresión hay registro desde 1902, indican claramente la tendencia al calentamiento y el deshielo propia de los periodos interglaciares” , comenta Francisco Nozal, otro de los investigadores del IGME y autor del Mapa Geomorfológico.
Todos estos procesos también se encuentran cartografiados y serán de gran ayuda para la comprensión y determinación de la evolución futura del sistema climático de nuestro planeta.
Fuente: IGME, DICYT, Ambiente
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