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El oso polar podría desaparecer a causa del cambio climático – Nuestroclima
Las investigaciones apuntan que, si el cambio climático continúa como hasta ahora, el hielo marino desaparecerá para finales de siglo y el oso polar está en riesgo.
Entre los riesgos a los que se enfrenta el oso polar, está la degradación de su hábitat . Una degradación que se está produciendo en gran medida por el calentamiento global ya que este animal depende fuertemente del hielo marino para sobrevivir.
La tendencia en el Ártico está clara : las temperaturas en esta zona del planeta suben más que en el resto (lo que se conoce como amplificación Ártica) y la extensión de hielo tiende a disminuir. Si miramos al futuro, no encontramos previsiones demasiado positivas ya que apuntan a que en las próximas décadas llegaremos a ver el Ártico completamente libre de hielo en algún momento.
El hielo marino ha estado experimentando un decrecimiento drástico en las últimas décadas. Desde 1979 los registros satelitales han marcado un avance en la pérdida de los polos glaciares, sobre todo en el Ártico, que se calienta tres veces más rápido que cualquier otra parte del mundo. Las investigaciones apuntan que, si el cambio climático continúa como hasta ahora, el hielo marino desaparecerá para finales de siglo , lo que implica el colapso del ecosistema y los osos polares, focas y animales que dependen del hielo, también podrían desaparecer.
El hielo marino no es constante, sino que anualmente se expande y contrae acorde a las estaciones del año. En verano tiende al deshielo para dar paso a cuerpos acuosos que luego se incorporan en las corrientes marinas o bien, forman lagos y ríos. Mientras que en invierno la capa de hielo se recupera, expandiéndose de nuevo. El hielo del Ártico alcanza su máxima extensión durante las temporadas más heladas. Sin embargo, conforme transcurren los años y las emisiones de carbono calientan cada vez más el planeta, el hielo no encuentra la temperatura adecuada para recuperarse del todo. En ese sentido, cada año se han registrado máximas de hielo cada vez más pequeñas.
La última zona de hielo Existe una región de 1 millón de kilómetros cuadrados al norte de Groenlandia y las costas del archipiélago canadiense, que es de suma importancia. Se le conoce como ‘la última zona de hielo’. Aquí el hielo ha sido tradicionalmente durante todo el año, más grueso que en otras regiones. Sin embargo, una nueva investigación apunta a que tanto bajo escenarios pesimistas como optimistas, esta región se reducirá dramáticamente para 2050.
El escenario más optimista plantea la idea de reducir las emisiones de carbono tanto como para que una parte del hielo resista. En contraparte, el escenario pesimista sigue la línea de incremento actual de emisiones de carbono liberados diariamente a la atmósfera. En ambos escenarios la reducción de hielo sería dramática para 2050, pero en el segundo caso ‘la última zona de hielo’ no resistiría para finales de siglo.
“Desafortunadamente, este es un experimento masivo que estamos haciendo”, dice Robert Newton, de la Universidad de Columbia y coautor del estudio. “Si desaparece el hielo durante todo el año, se colapsarán ecosistemas enteros que dependen del hielo y comenzará algo nuevo”.
Una compleja dinámica polar La dinámica del hielo es más compleja de lo que parece. Durante las temporadas de verano, cuando se produce cierto deshielo, se generan áreas de aguas abiertas dispersas. Esto ayuda a transportar unidades de hielo flotante hasta distancias grandes, incluido el Transpolar Drift. Esta se encarga de transportar hielo en el sentido de las agujas del reloj desde Siberia hasta Groenlandia y Canadá. Una dinámica que propicia una rica biodiversidad en el ecosistema y que depende enteramente de ello.
En ese sentido, conforme el hielo marino se derrite, la vida de su ecosistema se ve afectada cada vez más. Si la ‘ultima zona de hielo marino’ no sobrevive para finales de siglo, los osos polares y el ecosistema que depende de él, tampoco lo harán. Y estos mamíferos son tan sólo los animales que podemos ver. Debajo de la capa de hielo viven millones de microorganismos necesarios para el equilibrio terrestre, que igualmente se verían afectados si su ecosistema colapsa.
Es imperante buscar nuevas vías para la obtención de energía que se deslinden del uso de hidrocarburos. Sólo de esta manera la humanidad podrá reducir las emisiones de carbono causantes del calentamiento global y el cambio climático que está acabando con el hielo marino. Cumplir con el Acuerdo de París es un buen camino para seguir esa dirección.
Referencias: Newton, R. Pfirman, S. Temblay, B. DeRepentigny, P. (2021). Defining the “Ice Shed” of the Arctic Ocean’s Last Ice Area and Its Future Evolution. Advancing Earth and Space Science. DOI
Con información de: https://ecoosfera.com/
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