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Cuándo la chatarra espacial se nos cae encima – Nuestroclima
El ser humano tiene una capacidad más que probada para producir gigantescas montañas de basura. Por si la Tierra se le quedase pequeña, también puede hacerlo más allá.
En los cincuenta años de exploración espacial, las piezas de cohetes, satélites, misiles y demás escoria de alta tecnología han convertido las proximidades de la Tierra en un vertedero atestado de chatarra.
En concreto, la NASA estima que encima de nuestras cabezas hay unos 23.000 objetos de más de diez centímetros de longitud, medio millón de un centímetro y decenas de millones de fragmentos más pequeños. El problema es que en el «vacío» del espacio hasta el tornillo más insignificante puede convertirse en un proyectil capaz de transformar una nave en un montón de chatarra. El motivo es que allí arriba, en la órbita terrestre, los cuerpos viajan a velocidades de entre seis y 10 kilómetros por segundo, veinte veces más rápido que una bala de fusil.
Con el transcurso de las misiones espaciales y la puesta en órbita de satélites, la zona ha ido estando cada vez más poblada por la basura espacial. La situación empeoró drásticamente en 2007, cuando el Gobierno chino hizo una prueba de combate y lanzó un misil contra el satélite meteorológico Fengyun-1C, con lo que produjo decenas de miles de nuevas esquirlas. Solo dos años después, un satélite americano y otro ruso chocaron por error. Ambos sucesos aumentaron en un 33% la cantidad de basura espacial.
Una parte de estos restos caerá en la Tierra con el paso de los decenios y los siglos. Los fragmentos más pequeños se desintegrarán en la atmósfera, los medianos se convertirán en bolas de fuego que desaparecerán, y una parte llegará a impactar contra la superficie. Según la NASA, hasta el momento no se ha producido ningún daño material o humano, en gran medida porque es más probable que la basura caiga en los océanos o, en general, en zonas deshabitadas, que son los que cubren la mayor parte de la superficie terrestre. Sin embargo, la agencia calcula que cada año cae un objeto de entidad reseñable.
Los fragmentos de MurciaSin ir más lejos, hace dos semanas aparecieron dos partes de un cohete en Murcia y, días después, un objeto de unos dos metros llamado WT1190F y que los telescopios habían seguido durante semanas cayó en el Índico. Ambos sucesos se unieron a una historia de caídas de basura espacial entre las que están la reentrada de los restos de la MIR soviética (130 toneladas) y la estación espacial estadounidense Skylab (de 70 toneladas), así como múltiples satélites y restos espaciales.
Sin embargo, donde la basura espacial es realmente peligrosa es en el espacio. Tal como aparece reflejado, de una forma muy espectacular, en la película «Gravity», lo peor que puede ocurrir ahí es un efecto dominó, llamado «síndrome Kessler», que provoque una sucesión de impactos capaces de acabar con grandes cantidades de satélites y de naves, y que convierta las proximidades de la Tierra en una muralla infranqueable de «metralla» espacial. De momento, el satélite Envisat, de 26 metros de longitud, es el fragmento de basura que más coquetea con esta potencial catástrofe. Está a la deriva desde 2013, suele pasar a solo 200 metros de otros satélites y aún permanecerá en órbita unos 150 años si nadie lo remedia.
Vía: abc.es/ciencia
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