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Nuevos virus descubiertos en hielo glaciar de más de 15.000 años de antigüedad – Nuestroclima
Los investigadores han identificado 33 tipos de virus en núcleos de hielo antiguos, al menos 28 de los cuales son nuevos para la ciencia.
Los científicos han recolectado virus de muestras de hielo de casi 15.000 años de antigüedad, tomadas de glaciares en la meseta tibetana. Se descubrió que docenas de especies eran desconocidas para la ciencia, lo que podría proporcionar una mirada fascinante a la historia de la evolución viral.
Los glaciares son fantásticos para preservar la historia profunda, ya que atrapan partículas de polvo, rastros de gas, microbios y materia vegetal de diferentes períodos de tiempo. Dado que estas capas se acumulan con el tiempo, los científicos pueden perforar y estudiar núcleos de hielo para aprender una gran cantidad de climas antiguos, qué había en la atmósfera y qué tipos de vida existían en varios puntos de la historia.
En el nuevo estudio, dirigido por investigadores de la Universidad Estatal de Ohio, se perforaron núcleos de hielo de la capa de hielo de Guliya en la meseta tibetana, que datan de hace 14.400 años. Luego, el equipo analizó estos núcleos en busca de los tipos de virus que contenían y se identificaron los códigos genéticos de 33 virus. Se descubrió que cuatro de estos pertenecían a tipos conocidos de bacteriófagos, virus que se alimentan de bacterias, pero al menos 28 de ellos no coincidían con ningún tipo conocido.
El equipo plantea la hipótesis de que los virus probablemente se originaron en las plantas y el suelo, pero no fueron necesariamente frustrados por el frío; de hecho, alrededor de la mitad de ellos parecían adaptarse bien a la vida en el hielo.
«Estos son virus que habrían prosperado en ambientes extremos», dice Matthew Sullivan, coautor del estudio. “Estos virus tienen firmas de genes que les ayudan a infectar células en ambientes fríos, solo firmas genéticas surrealistas de cómo un virus es capaz de sobrevivir en condiciones extremas”.
La contaminación por microbios modernos es un problema grave para este tipo de estudio, por lo que los investigadores desarrollaron un nuevo método para esterilizar los núcleos de hielo. Quitaron capas de medio centímetro (0,2 pulgadas) del material exterior con diferentes técnicas: primero raspado con sierra de cinta, luego lavado con etanol y finalmente lavado con agua estéril. La sección interna del núcleo se pudo examinar entonces libre de contaminación.
El equipo probó este proceso de esterilización en sus propios núcleos de hielo artificial, que estaban cubiertos de bacterias, virus y ADN. Después de que llevaron a cabo su proceso de tres pasos, no se detectaron rastros de estos contaminantes simulados en los núcleos de hielo internos.
Los investigadores dicen que poder estudiar mejor los microbios antiguos puede ayudar a los científicos a comprender mejor la historia de su evolución, así como cómo manejaron los cambios climáticos en el pasado y qué tan bien podrían hacerlo en el futuro. El método de esterilización también podría ser útil para encontrar rastros de secuencias genéticas virales en muestras tomadas en la Luna o Marte.
La investigación fue publicada en la revista Microbiome .
Fuente: Universidad Estatal de Ohio
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