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La lluvia y intercambio de gases llevan el mercurio a los océanos – Nuestroclima
Cada año, las centrales eléctricas de carbón y las actividades mineras emiten 2.000 toneladas de mercurio gaseoso a la atmósfera, que adopta diversas formas químicas al circular entre el aire, el suelo y el agua.
El mercurio es especialmente peligroso en el mar, donde se acumula en los peces en forma de metilmercurio, que cuando entra en el cuerpo humano por el consumo de pescado puede tener un efecto adverso en el desarrollo del cerebro de los niños y causar enfermedades cardiovasculares en adultos.
El mercurio llega al océano procedente de la atmósfera (arrastrado por la lluvia), o a través de los ríos. Preocupa a las autoridades porque una vez depositado en el agua, algunos microorganismos pueden convertirlo en metilmercurio, una forma altamente tóxica que se acumula en peces y mariscos.
Aunque el mercurio se encuentra de forma natural en la corteza terrestre, algunas actividades humanas lo liberan al medio ambiente, como la extracción a pequeña escala de oro, la quema de combustibles fósiles o la producción de cemento.
La combustión del carbón y las actividades mineras liberan mercurio a la atmósfera como contaminante gaseoso, del que parte se deposita en el océano, pero no solo llega hasta allí por el agua de lluvia , como se suponía, sino que el intercambio de gases tiene un papel fundamental.
Un estudio que publica Nature , liderado por el francés Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas (CNRS) y la Universidad de Basilea, sugiere además que el océano recibe menos mercurio atmosférico de lo que se estimaba , aunque eso no debe llevar a asumir un menor grado de contaminación en los peces.
Mercurio Anteriormente, los expertos suponían que el mercurio entraba en el océano principalmente a través de las precipitaciones. “Sin embargo, son solo suposiciones , ya que no hay estaciones colectoras de precipitaciones sobre el mar” , señaló Martin Jiskra de la Universidad de Basilea y uno de los autores del estudio.
Los análisis revelaron que, contrariamente a lo que se pensaba, solo la mitad del mercurio presente en el mar procede de las precipitaciones, mientras que la otra mitad entra en los océanos debido a la captación de mercurio gaseoso, es como si los mares respiraran mercurio, explicó el CNRS. “En la actualidad, la contribución debida a las precipitaciones está probablemente sobrestimada” , afirmó Jiskra.
Muestras del Mediterráneo y el Atlántico El equipo analizó muestras de agua tanto del Mediterráneo como del Atlántico Norte con un nuevo método que permite distinguir si el mercurio procede de las precipitaciones o ha entrado en el mar a través del intercambio de gases. Esa técnica, conocida como huella dactilar , se basa en la medición de diminutas diferencias de peso entre los átomos de mercurio que se encuentran en la naturaleza, conocidas como isótopos.
Jiskra considera, por otra parte, que la absorción de mercurio por las plantas hace que una mayor parte de la estimada se deposite en la tierra , donde se secuestra de forma segura en los suelos y supone un menor riesgo para los seres humanos. Para el equipo, los nuevos hallazgos son importantes para la aplicación del Convenio de Minamata de 2013 , por el que 133 países se comprometieron a reducir sus emisiones.
“Si entra menos en el mar a través de las lluvias, una reducción de las emisiones podría hacer que sus niveles en el agua del mar disminuyan más rápido de lo previsto” , consideró el investigador.
Fuente: EFE, 20minutos, https://www.ambientum.com/
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