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Revela los secretos genéticos de la planta “que no puede morir” – Nuestroclima
La Welwitschia, una de las plantas más antiguas y misteriosas de la Tierra, cuenta con un par de hojas que no dejan de crecer a lo largo de los miles de años que puede durar su vida.
Es increíble cómo en la naturaleza un fenómeno puede ser al mismo tiempo feo y maravilloso, nos referimos a una planta exótica que habita en Namibia y algunas zonas de Angola: la Welwitschia mirabilis , adaptada a duras condiciones desérticas .
Fue descubierta en 1860 por el botánico Friedrich Welwitsch, de allí su nombre. A este austríaco, al igual que a otros científicos como Charles Darwin, lo desveló el misterio de su longevidad.
A esta especie que crece en condiciones muy extremas en el desierto de Namib, se la conoce conoce como la planta “inmortal” y su secreto puede contribuir a la ciencia para desarrollar cultivos más resistentes.
En el desierto del Namib, que se extiende desde la costa de Namibia occidental hasta la costa de Angola y la República de Sudáfrica, las condiciones son extremas y la vida lucha para poder adaptarse. No obstante, en este desierto, que en algunos lugares recibe menos de 5 centímetros de precipitaciones anuales, vive una planta «inmortal»: la Welwitschia mirabilis.
Algunos representantes de la especie, que solo se encuentran en el sur de África, tienen entre 1.000 y 2.000 años, una edad considerablemente impresionante. Pero habría otros más longevos: se calcula que algunas de las Welwitschia más grandes tienen más de 3.000 años de antigüedad, con dos hojas que han crecido constantemente desde el comienzo de la Edad de Hierro.
Se calcula que algunos ejemplares de Welwitschia se encuentran en crecimiento desde la Edad de Hierro y tienen más de 3.000 años de antigüedad.
Un estudio publicado recientemente en Nature Communications revela algunos de los secretos genéticos de Welwitschia.
“La mayoría de las plantas desarrollan una hoja y ya está”, explica Andrew Leitch , genetista de plantas de la Universidad Queen Mary de Londres, uno de los autores del estudio. “Esta planta puede vivir miles de años y nunca deja de crecer. Cuando deja de crecer, está muerta “, agrega.
Un genoma “eficiente” “Hace unos 86 millones de años, como resultado de un error en la división celular, todo el genoma de la Welwitschia se duplicó, coincidiendo con un periodo de mayor aridez en la región “, explica Tao Wan, botánico del Jardín Botánico Fairy Lake de Shenzhen (China), autor principal del estudio.
Según el investigador, el “estrés extremo” suele estar asociado a la duplicación del genoma. Los genes duplicados pueden entonces ofrecer nuevas funcionalidades como la longevidad extrema y la profunda resiliencia.
Este proceso, junto con otras fuerzas selectivas, redujo drásticamente el tamaño y el costo de mantenimiento energético de la biblioteca duplicada de ADN de Welwitschia, lo que le dio “un genoma muy eficiente y de bajo costo “, señala Wan.
La comunidad científica espera que el estudio de la Welwitschia, y su resistencia al estrés ambiental, pueda convertirse en un modelo para crear cultivos más resistentes y menos dependientes del agua.
Vía: http://Ecoportal.net
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