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Una histórica y reciente erupción volcánica pudo levantar olas de hasta 85 m – Nuestroclima
El 15 de enero de 2022, la erupción de un volcán submarino del archipiélago de Tonga, en el Pacífico, destruyó el 90 % de la isla deshabitada de Hunga Tonga Ha’apai y formó una columna de cenizas de la mitad del tamaño de Francia y elevó el más de manera descomunal.
La fuerte explosión generó una onda de choque atmosférica que dio varias vueltas a la Tierra, así como gran cantidad de ondas sísmicas que fueron registradas por las estaciones de vigilancia de todo el mundo.
Al analizarlas, dos investigadores del Centro Nacional de Investigación Científica de Francia (CNRS, por sus siglas en francés) pudieron diseñar un algoritmo que permite detectar y localizar una erupción volcánica casi en tiempo real y, con la ayuda de ecuaciones que describen las erupciones explosivas, calcular su tamaño. Hasta ahora, este tipo de evaluación requería trabajo de campo y llevaba varias semanas o meses, ya que era necesario estimar el volumen de ceniza y lava producido.
La explosión volcánica de 15 megatones de Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai, una de las mayores explosiones naturales en más de un siglo , generó un megatsunami con olas de hasta 45 metros de altura a lo largo de la costa de la isla Tofua de Tonga y olas de hasta 17 metros en Tongatapu, la isla más poblada del país.
En un nuevo análisis en Science Advances , los investigadores de la Escuela Rosenstiel utilizaron una combinación de imágenes satelitales de antes y después, monitoreo de drones y observaciones de campo recopiladas por científicos de la Universidad de Auckland, y datos de Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation Global Reef, para producir una simulación de tsunami del archipiélago de Tonga .
Los resultados mostraron cómo la compleja batimetría superficial en la región actuó como una trampa de olas de baja velocidad, capturando un tsunami de más de una hora con olas de hasta 85 metros de altura un minuto después de la explosión inicial.
La erupción volcánica submarina de Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai, que forma la cadena de islas de Tonga y es el resultado de la convergencia de las placas tectónicas del Pacífico e Indo-Australiana, rivalizó con la erupción de Krakatau de 1883 que mató a más de 36.000 personas.
«A pesar de su tamaño y larga duración, el megatsumani que resultó de Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai cobró pocas vidas», dijo Sam Purkis , profesor y presidente del Departamento de Geociencias Marinas de la Escuela Rosenstiel. «Sugerimos que los principales factores que llevaron a esto son la peculiaridad de la ubicación, la pandemia de COVID-19 y el aumento de los simulacros de evacuación y los esfuerzos de concientización realizados en Tonga en los años previos a la erupción».
«Si bien 2022 puede haber sido un escape afortunado, otros volcanes submarinos poseen la capacidad de generar un futuro tsunami a la misma escala», dijo Purkis, quien también es científico jefe de la Fundación Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans.
«Esta erupción contiene lecciones importantes para los tsunamis pasados y futuros en Tonga y más allá. La erupción fue un excelente laboratorio natural para probar hipótesis y modelos que se pueden implementar en otros lugares para mejorar los preparativos para futuros desastres y comprender mejor erupciones similares y posteriores tsunamis tal como se conservan. en la antigüedad y en el registro geológico».
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