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En tiempos de calor: ¿Cómo es el mecanismo de formación de las tormentas? – Nuestroclima
En ciertas épocas del año, las condiciones atmosféricas se vuelven propicias para la formación de tormentas, desde las más severas hasta intensos chaparrones.
Con la llegada del verano, las temperaturas empiezan a elevarse y la humedad se hace más notoria, creando un ambiente ideal para la aparición de fenómenos meteorológicos intensos. Seguramente has experimentado alguna tormenta de gran magnitud.
Los eventos de tormentas severas suelen ser más frecuentes durante esta temporada, especialmente en presencia del fenómeno de El Niño, aunque anticipar su ocurrencia con total certeza es complicado.
El pronóstico de tormentas puede ser desafiante debido a la variabilidad atmosférica, y en ocasiones estas pueden surgir incluso en invierno, sorprendiendo por su intensidad.
Las tormentas de primavera y verano se desarrollan gracias a las altas temperaturas y a la humedad del ambiente. El aire caliente, siendo menos denso, asciende y colisiona con masas de aire frío, lo que provoca la rápida condensación del vapor de agua. Este contraste genera tormentas de distintas duraciones e intensidades. Para su formación, se requieren tres elementos fundamentales: calor, humedad y un desencadenante.
Durante el verano, el principal desencadenante suele ser el calentamiento del aire cercano al suelo. La radiación solar calienta el suelo, transmitiendo este calor al aire que está en contacto con él. Este aire, al volverse menos denso, comienza a ascender, creando lo que se conoce como corrientes térmicas. Si este aire cálido es rico en humedad, se formarán nubes del tipo cumuliforme.
Las nubes que producen tormentas son las cumulonimbus, que pueden alcanzar hasta 15 km de altura. Estas grandes columnas de aire contienen abundantes gotas de lluvia, granizo (que a veces no llega al suelo) y actividad eléctrica.
Generalmente, estas tormentas son aisladas, ya que los factores que las originan, como el calor del suelo, son muy localizados. Nacen, se desarrollan y rápidamente se disipan. A medida que la precipitación y el aire frío descienden, el ambiente se enfría, lo que interrumpe su fuente de energía y provoca su disipación. Su ciclo de vida suele ser de unos 30 minutos a 1 hora, y este proceso ocurre en pocos minutos.
Normalmente se presentan después del mediodía, cuando se registran las temperaturas más altas de la primavera y el verano, debido al intenso calentamiento del suelo. No están relacionadas con frentes fríos, ciclones u otros sistemas meteorológicos grandes, lo que las hace difíciles de prever. Los radares pueden detectarlas en formación, es decir, cuando las gotas de la nube comienzan a aumentar de tamaño y a generar lluvia.
Se les conoce formalmente como “tormentas de masa de aire”, aunque popularmente se les llama “tormentas de verano”. Es esencial tomar precauciones, ya que, a pesar de su corta duración, pueden provocar fuertes vientos, actividad eléctrica, caída de rayos e incluso granizo, lo que puede resultar peligroso. Por ello, siempre se recomienda buscar refugio hasta que las tormentas se disipan.
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