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Golpe de calor en las plantas. ¿Cómo evitarlo? – Nuestroclima
Golpe de calor en las plantas: Las plantas tienen una capacidad asombrosa de adaptación a cambios externos de diversa índole.
Al igual que las tormentas, las heladas y las bajas temperaturas del invierno, las plantas que aguantan el sol directo en verano pueden verse perjudicadas y sufrir del calor severo.
En esta nota te contaremos pautas y recomendaciones sobre cómo cuidar las plantas de exterior en verano; sus mejores métodos de riego y comparte trucos que funcionan especialmente en climas calurosos como el mediterráneo, donde las altas temperaturas pueden suponer un auténtico dolor de cabeza especialmente para las macetas, donde el agua se evapora con mayor rapidez.
Temperaturas, luz, humedad, viento, salinidad del suelo, pH… Dentro de todas estas, la temperatura es una variable que como todos sabemos, determina en una gran parte el desarrollo de la planta.
Dentro de esta capacidad de adaptación de las células vegetales siempre hay unos límites que la planta puede que no soporte . Las heladas son el ejemplo más común, aunque ya en pleno verano, no debemos descuidar los golpes de calor.
CAPACIDAD DE ADAPATACIÓN DE LAS CÉLULAS VEGETALES
Cuando se habla de adaptación o aclimatación de especies a un lugar que no es el habitual de la especie, siempre hay que tener en cuenta la progresión con la que se van variando las condiciones. Las células tienen la capacidad de irse ajustando a las nuevas condiciones siempre y cuando estas sean paulatinas. En el caso de la temperatura que es el que hoy nos ocupa, los choques térmicos suelen ser fatales en plantas y árboles, sobre todo en ejemplares jóvenes.
LAS DOS CARAS DE LA TRANSPIRACIÓN DE LA PLANTA La transpiración vegetal es un proceso complejo influenciado por numerosos factores como la humedad ambiente, temperatura, viento. Este proceso es vital para la planta para realizar funciones tan básicas como el transporte de agua y nutrientes . La transpiración regula estos procesos de transporte.
Otra función es la de refrigeración de la planta . Los estomas tienen la capacidad de abrirse y cerrarse permitiendo la regulación de la transpiración de la planta. Con ambientes calurosos y sobre todo con la combinación de alta temperatura y viento , los estomas se abren y la transpiración de la planta será tan rápida que no nos daremos cuenta. El agua permite disipar el exceso de calor ya que por cada gramo de agua transpirada por la planta se disipan 600 calorías.
La parte negativa de este proceso es que el agua disponible por la planta disminuye tanto que si no estamos atentos, se producirá una marchitez temporal (reversible). Si las condiciones ambientales no cambian la marchitez pasa a permanente condenando al vegetal de forma inexorable.
Una primavera más fría de lo habitual, condiciona a las plantas de tal manera, que un aumento excesivo de temperatura en días concretos del verano, provoca ese temido golpe de calor que hará marchitar permanentemente la planta sin remedio.
RECOMENDACIONES PARA PALIAR LOS EFECTOS DEL GOLPE DE CALOR RIEGOS VAPORIZADOS A LAS HOJAS Es uno de los métodos que más se usan para calmar el sofoco de las plantas y árboles durante un golpe de calor. Esto complementa la alta transpiración que padece la planta refrigerando la superficie foliar. Con manguera con boquilla regulable será suficiente para dispersar adecuadamente las gotas de agua.
Algo muy común: Muchas veces se tiende a «humanizar» las plantas. En las horas centrales del día, a pleno Sol, nos acordamos de lo mal que lo deben estar pasando las plantas y vamos a refrescarlas. Las pequeñas gotas de agua actúan de pequeñas lupas y pueden llegar a quemar las hojas . Haz los riegos evitando el pleno sol y refresca las hojas cuando haya calor ambiental, pero sin exposición solar.PROTECCIONES PARA TAMIZAR LA LUZ En algunos casos, se pueden proteger alguna zona del jardín o huerto con una lona (un árbol es evidente que no podemos taparlo) que tamice la luz y exponga la planta a menos radiación aliviando por tanto la transpiración. Se recomienda utilizar por el día y retirar dichas protecciones por la tarde y noche.
RETENCIÓN DE AGUA EN LA BASE DE LA PLANTA O ÁRBOL Al igual que hacemos con las plantas de interior situando un lecho de guijarros mojados para aumentar la humedad alrededor de la planta, algo parecido se puede hacer en las plantas y árboles jóvenes del jardín. Un lecho de material orgánico grueso y mojado (tipo acolchado), provocará una evaporación del agua en el entorno de la planta , compensando el efecto del excesivo calor.
Fuente: www.agromatica
www.portalfruticola
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