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Vídeo educativo sobre la atmósfera – Nuestroclima
¿Qué es la atmósfera? La atmósfera es la capa de gases que se encuentra alrededor de la Tierra, evitando que los rayos del sol la atraviesen, protegiendo la vida sobre la Tierra, absorbiendo gran parte de la radiación solar ultravioleta en la capa de ozono.
«La atmósfera está formada en un 78% de nitrógeno, en un 21% de oxígeno, en un 1% de vapor de agua y en una cantidad ínfima de otros gases como el argón o el monóxido de carbono»
Está dividida en varias capas en las cuales ocurren diferentes fenómenos:
Troposfera Esta es la capa de la atmósfera más cercana a la superficie de la Tierra, se extiende hacia arriba aproximadamente de 10 a 15 km. Contiene el 75% de la masa atmosférica. La temperatura y la presión baja a mayor altura por la troposfera.
En la parte más alta de la troposfera se encuentra la tropopausa donde la temperatura alcanza un mínimo estable. Algunos científicos llaman a la tropopausa una “capa térmica” o “una trampa fría” debido a que este es el punto donde el vapor de agua no puede ir más alto, ya que cambia a hielo y es atrapada. Si no hubiera una trampa fría, la Tierra podría perder toda su agua.
El tiempo, que nosotros conocemos, también se produce en la troposfera. El calentamiento desigual de las regiones de la troposfera por el Sol causa la convección de corrientes y vientos . La tropopausa actúa como una barrera invisible y es la razón por la que dentro de ella se formen nubes y el fenómeno del tiempo.
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Estratosfera Esta capa se encuentra encima de la troposfera y tiene una profundidad de 35 km aproximadamente. Se extiende desde la superficie de la tierra de 15 a 50 km. La estratosfera es más caliente en la parte superior que en la inferior. La parte más baja tiene una temperatura constante pero la parte de arriba se incrementa con la altitud debido a la absorción de los rayos solares por ozono. Por lo tanto, la situación de la temperatura es la contraria a la que sucede en la troposfera.
Mesosfera Directamente encima de la estratosfera extendiéndose por encima de la superficie de la Tierra de 50 a 80 km se encuentra la mesosfera, una capa fría cuya temperatura decrece al incrementarse la altitud. En esta capa la atmósfera está muy enrarecida, pero aún así es lo suficientemente gruesa como para enlentecer a los meteoritos de precipitarse en la atmósfera, donde se queman, dejando rastros de fuego en el cielo nocturno.
Aquí los meteoros que ingresan se desintegran convirtiéndose en las estrellas fugaces que vemos algunas noches.
Termosfera La termosfera se extiende desde la superficie de la Tierra a 80 km hacia el espacio exterior. La temperatura es caliente, pudiendo estar a miles de grados. Está formada principalmente por átomos cargados eléctricamente, llamados iones. Las pocas partículas que se encuentran presentes en esta capa cuentan con una gran cantidad de energía procedente del Sol .
A la termosfera le corresponde la heterosfera, una zona donde no hay distribución uniforme de gases. En otras palabras, los gases no están bien mezclados; no obstante, están estratificados en capas, en concordancia con sus masas moleculares. En contraste con los gases de la homosfera (consiste en la troposfera, estratosfera y mesosfera) que están distribuidos uniformemente .
En esta capa rebotan las ondas radioeléctricas de radios y televisores y pueden llegar de un punto a otro del planeta sin perderse en el espacio.
Exosfera La última capa de la atmósfera de la Tierra es la exosfera. Es la que une el espacio exterior con las capas más interiores. Se trata por tanto de la capa menos densa y sirve de transición hacia una zona sin gases ni gravedad aparente.
En esta zona la acción de la gravedad es mínima de modo que algunos gases muy ligeros pueden llegar a escapar de su acción y perderse en el espacio interplanetario.
Es precisamente en esta franja atmosférica en la que orbitan algunos satélites meteorológicos y otros satélites artificiales lanzados por el hombre.
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La atmósfera (10 descargas )
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En esta temporada de calor se incrementan los
2 Comments
luis
quien me ayuda con la troposfera de huelva. Polo quimico que deja residuos de fosfoyesos que se ven desde el espacio…y no pasa nada,
Abrahan Ulises
Me interesa seguir aprendiendo de meteorolgia