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Los agujeros negros y un efecto inesperado – Nuestroclima
Los agujeros negros son uno de los fenómenos más enigmáticos del universo: para que se formen, primero una estrella tiene morir.
Además, todo lo que entra, jamás logra escapar, tampoco la luz. Y en su corazón, en la llamada singularidad, el tiempo y el espacio se detienen.
El horizonte de sucesos tiene un diámetro de 40.000 millones de km, ocho veces más que el tamaño del Sistema Solar , y ha sido descrito por los científicos como «un monstruo».
En el corazón de cada galaxia lo suficientemente masiva existe un agujero negro cuyo campo gravitatorio, aunque muy intenso, afecta solo a una pequeña región en torno al centro galáctico. Pese a que estos objetos astronómicos son miles de millones de veces más pequeños que las galaxias anfitrionas, la concepción actual del Universo solo se entiende si la evolución de las galaxias está regulada por la actividad de los agujeros negros puesto que, sin ellos, no es posible explicar las propiedades observadas de las galaxias.
Las predicciones teóricas sugieren que los agujeros negros al crecer generan suficiente energía como para calentar y expulsar a grandes distancias el gas presente en las galaxias. Observar y describir el mecanismo por el cual esta energía interactúa con las galaxias modulando su evolución es por tanto una pregunta fundamental en la Astrofísica actual.
Agujeros negros Con este objetivo, un estudio que lidera Ignacio Martín Navarro, investigador del Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), va un paso más allá y trata de averiguar si la materia y energía que radian los agujeros negros es capaz de alterar la evolución, no solo de la galaxia anfitriona, sino también de aquellas galaxias satélites que están a su alrededor, pero a distancias todavía mayores.
Para ello, el equipo ha hecho uso del cartografiado Sloan Digital Sky Survey , que les ha permitido analizar las propiedades de las galaxias en miles de grupos y cúmulos. Las conclusiones del estudio, iniciado durante su estancia en el Instituto Max Planck de Astrofísica, se han publicado en la revista Nature .
“Sorprendentemente hemos encontrado que las galaxias satélites forman más o menos estrellas dependiendo de su orientación con respecto a la galaxia central” , explica Annalisa Pillepich, investigadora del Instituto Max Planck de Astronomía (MPIA, Alemania) y coautora del trabajo.
Para tratar de explicar este efecto geométrico en las propiedades de las galaxias satélites los científicos recurrieron a una simulación cosmológica del Universo llamada Illustris-TNG que en su código implementa un tratamiento particular para la interacción entre agujeros negros y galaxias anfitrionas. “Al igual que en las observaciones, la simulación Illustris-TNG muestra una clara modulación en la tasa de formación estelar de las galaxias satélites según sea su posición respecto a la central” , añade.
Relevancia del resultado La relevancia del resultado es doble porque da apoyo observacional a la idea de que los agujeros negros juegan un papel importante a la hora de regular la evolución de las galaxias, un pilar fundamental en el conocimiento actual del Universo. Sin embargo, esta hipótesis se cuestiona continuamente por la dificultad para, en la práctica, medir el posible efecto de los agujeros negros en las galaxias reales, más allá de consideraciones teóricas.
Los resultados del estudio sugieren también que existe un tipo particular de acoplamiento entre galaxias y agujeros negros, mediante el cual son capaces de expulsar material a grandes distancias de los centros galácticos, llegando a alterar incluso la evolución de otras galaxias cercanas. “Por tanto, más allá de observar el efecto de los agujeros negros en la evolución de las galaxias, nuestro análisis abre una puerta a entender los detalles de esta interacción” , señala Ignacio Martín Navarro, autor principal del estudio.
“Este trabajo ha sido posible con la colaboración entre dos comunidades, la observacional y la teórica que, en el campo de la Astrofísica extragaláctica, están encontrando en las simulaciones cosmológicas una herramienta muy útil para entender cómo se comporta el Universo” , finaliza Ignacio Martín Navarro.
Fuente: IAC, DICYT, https://www.ambientum.com/
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