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Actividad volcánica submarina terminó con el congelamiento global – Nuestroclima
Hace alrededor de entre 720 y 640 millones de años, gran parte de la superficie de la Tierra estaba cubierta de hielo durante una glaciación que duró millones de años.
Los volcanes son fenómenos que pueden llegar a ser tan majestuosos como peligrosos para las personas y el medio ambiente. Existen varios tipos, uno de estos son los volcanes submarinos , descubre qué son, cómo se forman y cuántos hay en el mundo.
Cabe destacar que estos son bastante parecidos a los terrestres. La diferencia es que los primeros, están completamente sumergidos en el agua, mientras que los segundos se forman en la superficie de la tierra. Cuando su magma es liberado, por lo general, termina en el agua de playas u océanos.
Volcanes submarinos explosivos fueron una de las principales características de esta «Tierra Bola de Nieve» («Snowball Earth»), según revela un nuevo estudio dirigido por la Universidad de Southampton, en Reino Unido.
Muchos aspectos de esta glaciación extrema siguen siendo inciertos, pero en general se estima que la ruptura del supercontinente Rodinia produjo un aumento del caudal de los ríos en el océano. Esto cambió la química del océano y redujo los niveles de CO2 atmosférico, lo que elevó la cobertura de hielo global y llevó a la Tierra a condiciones graves de congelación.
Debido a que la superficie de la Tierra se cubrió entonces en gran medida con hielo, el desgaste continental cesó con eficacia, lo que bloqueó al planeta en un estado de «Tierra Bola de Nieve» hasta que el dióxido de carbono liberado por la actividad volcánica en curso calentó la atmósfera lo suficiente como para derretir rápidamente la capa de hielo.
Sin embargo, este modelo no explica una de las características más desconcertantes de este rápido deshielo: la formación mundial de depósitos de cientos de metros de espesor conocidos como sedimentos de carbonatos en aguas cálidas después de los acontecimientos de la Tierra Bola de Nieve. Esta nueva investigación, publicada en la revista «Nature Geoscience», ofrece una explicación sobre estos grandes cambios en la química del océano.
Dorsales El autor principal del estudio, Tom Gernon, profesor de Ciencias de la Tierra de la Universidad de Southampton, señala: «Cuando el material volcánico se deposita en los océanos, sufre una alteración química muy rápida y profunda que afecta a la biogeoquímica de los océanos. Vimos que muchos fenómenos geológicos y geoquímicos asociados con la Tierra Bola de Nieve son consistentes con la extensa actividad volcánica submarina a lo largo de dorsales oceánicas poco profundas».
Durante la ruptura de Rodinia, se formaron decenas de miles de kilómetros de cordillera en medio del océano durante decenas de millones de años. La lava erupcionó explosivamente en aguas poco profundas produciendo grandes volúmenes de una roca piroclástica vidriosa llamada hialoclastita. A medida que estos depósitos se apilaron en el fondo del mar, rápidos cambios químicos liberaron grandes cantidades de calcio, magnesio y fósforo en el océano.
El doctor Gernon explica: «Calculamos que en el transcurso de una glaciación Bola de Nieve, la acumulación de este producto químico es suficiente para explicar la abundancia de sedimentos de carbonato formados al final del evento Bola de Nieve. Este proceso también ayuda a explicar los niveles inusualmente altos de fósforo en el océano, que se cree que son el catalizador del origen de la vida animal en la Tierra».
Glaciar en el cráter del volcán Sollipulli, región de la Araucanía / © Wikipedia. Vía: Vía: abc.es/ciencia
Fotografía de portada: Autor Una nube © perfecta Francisco Negroni
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