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Cómo los terremotos deforman la gravedad – Nuestroclima
En los terremotos hay señales que viajan a la velocidad de la luz y se producen por cambios repentinos en la gravedad causados por un cambio en la masa interna de la Tierra.
Durante siglos, la gente ha estimado la distancia de una tormenta desde el momento entre ver el rayo y oir el trueno. Cuanto mayor sea el intervalo de tiempo entre las dos señales, más lejos estará el observador de la ubicación del rayo. Esto se debe a que los rayos se propagan a la velocidad de la luz casi sin demora, mientras que los truenos se propagan a una velocidad de sonido mucho más lenta de alrededor de 340 metros por segundo.
Los terremotos también envían señales que se propagan a la velocidad de la luz (300,000 kilómetros por segundo) y pueden registrarse mucho antes de las ondas sísmicas relativamente lentas (aproximadamente 8 kilómetros por segundo).
Solo recientemente, estas señales llamadas PEGS (PEGS = Prompt elasto-gravity signals ) se detectaron mediante mediciones sísmicas. Con la ayuda de estas señales, podría ser posible detectar inicialmente un terremoto antes de la llegada del terremoto destructivo o las olas del tsunami.
Sin embargo, el efecto gravitacional de este fenómeno es muy pequeño. Asume menos de una billonésima parte de la gravedad de la Tierra. Por lo tanto, las señales PEGS solo se pueden registrar para los terremotos más fuertes. Además, el proceso de su generación es complejo: no solo se generan directamente en la fuente del terremoto, sino también continuamente a medida que las ondas del terremoto se propagan a través del interior de la Tierra.
Distribución espacial de la intensidad de la señal PEGS durante el terremoto de Tohoku en 2011 Hasta ahora, no ha habido un método directo y exacto para simular de manera fiable la generación de señales PEGS en lor ordenadores. El algoritmo ahora propuesto por los investigadores del GFZ puede calcular señales PEGS con alta precisión y sin mucho esfuerzo por primera vez.
Los investigadores también pudieron demostrar que las señales permiten sacar conclusiones sobre la fuerza, la duración y el mecanismo de terremotos muy grandes. El estudio fue publicado en la revista Earth and Planetary Science Letters .
Un terremoto desplaza abruptamente las placas de roca en el interior de la tierra y, por lo tanto, cambia la distribución de masa en la tierra. En terremotos fuertes, este desplazamiento puede ascender a varios metros. «Dado que la gravedad que se puede medir localmente depende de la distribución de masa en las proximidades del punto de medición, cada terremoto genera un cambio de gravedad pequeño pero inmediato», dice Rongjiang Wang, coordinador científico del nuevo estudio.
Sin embargo, cada terremoto también genera ondas en la Tierra misma, lo que a su vez cambia la densidad de las rocas y, por lo tanto, la gravitación un poco por un corto tiempo: la gravedad de la tierra oscila en cierta medida en sincronía con el terremoto. Además, esta gravedad oscilante produce un efecto de fuerza a corto plazo sobre la roca, que a su vez desencadena ondas sísmicas secundarias. Algunas de estas ondas sísmicas secundarias activadas gravitacionalmente se pueden observar incluso antes de la llegada de las ondas sísmicas primarias.
«Nos enfrentamos al problema de integrar estas múltiples interacciones para hacer estimaciones y predicciones más precisas sobre la fuerza de las señales», dice Torsten Dahm, jefe de la sección Física de terremotos y volcanes en GFZ. «Rongjiang Wang tuvo la ingeniosa idea de adaptar un algoritmo que habíamos desarrollado anteriormente para el problema PEGS, y tuvo éxito».
«Primero aplicamos nuestro nuevo algoritmo al terremoto de Tohoku en Japón en 2011, que también fue la causa del tsunami de Fukushima», dice Sebastian Heimann, desarrollador de programas y analista de datos de GFZ. «Allí, las mediciones de la intensidad de la señal PEGS que ya estaban disponibles. La consistencia era perfecta. Esto nos dio certeza para la predicción de otros terremotos y el potencial de las señales para nuevas aplicaciones».
Este método podría usarse para determinar, incluso durante el terremoto en sí, si hay un terremoto fuerte que pueda desencadenar un tsunami, según los investigadores. «Sin embargo, todavía queda un largo camino por recorrer», dice Rongjiang Wang. «Los instrumentos de medición actuales aún no son lo suficientemente sensibles, y las señales de interferencia inducidas por el medio ambiente son demasiado grandes para que las señales PEGS se integren directamente en un sistema de alerta temprana de tsunami en funcionamiento».
Vía: Tiempo (Revista RAM)
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