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Las increíbles formas de la escarcha – Nuestroclima
Las bajas temperaturas pueden crear superficies congeladas con formas realmente asombrosas. Si no lo crees, mirá la galería de fotos que preparamos para vos.
Hoy veremos un fenómeno que habrán experimentado más de una vez al levantarse temprano. Me refiero a la formación de escarcha y figuras cristalinas que se forman en el coche o en los cristales, cuando la temperatura es baja.
El aire que respiramos posee humedad. Es decir, una cierta cantidad de vapor de agua en cada kilogramo de aire. La cantidad de agua que puede contener el aire, depende directamente de la temperatura, por lo que a mayor temperatura, mayor cantidad de vapor de agua.
¿Qué ocurre al anochecer? Cuando el sol se oculta por el horizonte, la tierra comienza a enfriarse. Y lo hace a un ritmo mayor que el aire.
En ausencia de viento, el aire se enfría por capas, y como ya hemos visto en otras entradas, el aire más frío al ser más denso, desciende hasta la superficie, mientras que el aire caliente permanece en cotas más elevadas.
Al descender la temperatura, la cantidad de vapor de agua que puede contener el aire desciende, por lo que para desprenderse de él, el vapor de agua se condensa en gotas de agua o en vaho que empaña la superficie. Si la temperatura desciende por debajo de 0ºC, podrán formarse cristales de hielo.
No obstante, este fenómeno no es del todo cierto. Para la formación de estructuras de hielo hace falta introducir otro factor, la nucleación. Fenómeno que define el comienzo de un cambio de estado. En nuestro caso, de líquido a sólido.
El agua pura, es decir, agua sin ningún tipo de impurezas, se congela a ?42°C. Y no a los 0ºC que nos tiene acostumbrados. Esto es debido a que, en el agua pura no existen nucleadores para la formación del hielo. Mientras que en el agua que conocemos, existen una serie de semillas (polvo, impurezas, etc.) que actúan como nucleadores y facilitan el comienzo de la cristalización.
Estas semillas también pueden ser superficies irregulares como los granos de polvo, aristas cristalinas, bordes rugosos, etc. Es por ello que tras una noche fría, se forme escarcha en los cristales de los coches.
Vía:.xatakaciencia Fotografía: Svetlana Radayeva, Vahan Abrahamyan, Y. Elkin, Espen Haagensen
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