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Terremotos, huracanes y otros desastres naturales obedecen los mismos patrones matemáticos – Nuestroclima
Si se toma nota de la magnitud de diversos fenómenos naturales catastróficos y se dibuja en una gráfica cuántos episodios han tenido lugar de cada uno de ellos a lo largo de la historia, el resultado no es impredecible.
Muy al contrario, sigue una curva muy bien definida en la que, por suerte, cuanto mayor es su capacidad de devastación, menor es la frecuencia con la que acontecen. Por ejemplo, muy pocos terremotos llegan a ser catastróficos, mientras que continuamente ocurren numerosos terremotos pequeños, la mayoría de ellos tan débiles que pasan desapercibidos para las personas y sólo se detectan en instrumentos muy sensibles. Tal información es fundamental para poder calcular los riesgos asociados.
Sin embargo, esa dependencia no siempre es evidente ni se ajusta a la misma función matemática, en particular por lo que a los eventos más grandes respecta. Álvaro Corral y Álvaro González, investigadores del Centre de Recerca Matemàtica (CRM) y del Departamento de Matemáticas de la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB), han realizado el análisis estadístico más preciso hasta la fecha de todo un conjunto de fenómenos naturales que pueden provocar desastres: terremotos, huracanes, incendios forestales, impactos de meteoritos en la atmósfera, lluvias torrenciales y hundimientos del suelo debidos a fenómenos kársticos (en los que el agua subterránea disuelve el terreno).
Tras analizar los datos de miles de episodios de diferente intensidad de cada uno de estos fenómenos, estos investigadores han logrado describir con una misma técnica matemática las funciones que relacionan la frecuencia de estos fenómenos con el valor de su magnitud o tamaño. La mayoría de ellos siguen la denominada ley de potencia, según la cual los eventos son cada vez más abundantes cuanto más pequeños son, sin que tengan un tamaño “normal” o típico.
Sin embargo, la frecuencia de otros fenómenos, como los incendios forestales en cada región, sigue otra distribución matemática, la llamada distribución lognormal, desde los muy pequeños hasta los más devastadores, que llegan a quemar centenares de miles de hectáreas.
El estudio ha permitido concretar cómo se ajustan esas funciones en cada caso, y si siguen siendo válidas o no para casos límite (por ejemplo, eventos de magnitud extremadamente grande), con el fin de describir con los mismos patrones acontecimientos de magnitudes muy diferentes y también de origen muy dispar.
Gracias a este estudio se podrán mejorar las estimaciones de riesgo de eventos catastróficos en diferentes zonas del mundo, según el registro histórico de cada región”, afirma Álvaro Corral.
Los científicos consideran remarcable el hecho de que fenómenos de naturaleza tan diversa obedezcan la distribución de ley de potencia. Para Corral, “existen interpretaciones de que esto sucede siempre que el fenómeno acontezca siguiendo un comportamiento llamado ‘en avalancha’, liberando rápidamente energía que se ha ido acumulando a lo largo del tiempo, pero todavía queda mucho por investigar en este terreno.”
Por ejemplo, los incendios forestales serían una excepción a esa regla, pues también pueden ser descritos como “avalanchas” de liberación repentina de la energía que se había acumulado en forma de biomasa. “No sabemos en detalle por qué algunos fenómenos ‘en avalancha’ siguen la distribución lognormal, y de hecho este hallazgo contradice investigaciones previas. Son necesarios mejores modelos físicos para explicar las magnitudes que alcanzan estos procesos”, reflexionan los autores.
La investigación, publicada recientemente en la revista Earth and Space Science, ha sido llevada a cabo por Álvaro Corral, investigador del Centre de Recerca Matemàtica (CRM) y del Departamento de Matemáticas de la UAB, de la Barcelona Graduate School of Mathematics y del Complexity Science Hub de Viena en Austria, junto a Álvaro González, del Centre de Recerca Matemática (CRM).
(Fuente: UAB / DICYT)
Vía: noticiasdelaciencia
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