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Cómo pronosticar la fuerza de los tornados – Nuestroclima
Estos son los resultados según un nuevo estudio publicado en la revista Geophysical Research Letters de AGU.
Nota de la RAM . Los torreones (overshooting tops en inglés) son protuberancias en forma de domos sobresalientes sobre el yunque convectivos que son soportados por fuertes corrientes ascendentes de niveles medios – altos.
Los tornados, particularmente aquellos con vientos fuertes, representan una seria amenaza para la propiedad y la vida de las personas a su paso. Sin embargo, los científicos tienen pocas herramientas a su disposición para predecir con precisión cuán poderoso podría ser un tornado en formación. En cambio, los meteorólogos confían en su propia experiencia para anticipar la fuerza de un tornado.
«Miran el radar y piensan ‘la rotación en la tormenta parece fuerte, por lo que probablemente producirá un fuerte tornado'», dijo Geoffrey Marion, científico atmosférico de la Universidad de Illinois en Urbana-Champaign y autor principal del nuevo estudio «Lo que encontramos es que no siempre es así. Puede darte una falsa idea de cuál podría ser la fuerza del tornado «.
El crecimiento vertical de una tormenta se detiene en un nivel de la atmósfera de la Tierra donde la troposfera se encuentra con la tropopausa y la estratosfera . Aquí, las nubes se extienden y crean la característica forma de yunque de las nubes de tormenta. Para tormentas fuertes, el aire sube rápidamente dentro de la tormenta, llamado corriente ascendente, puede cruzar este límite y establecer una parte superior desbordante: una estructura en forma de cúpula en la parte superior del yunque, que a veces puede parecer un cono de helado.
Los tornados generalmente se forman debajo de la corriente ascendente de la parte superior de la tormenta . El trabajo anterior encontró que las corrientes ascendentes más grandes tendían a crear topes más grandes. Los nuevos hallazgos sugieren que las imágenes satelitales podrían determinar qué tormentas tuvieron las corrientes ascendentes más grandes y, en consecuencia, cuáles podrían producir los tornados más fuertes.
Imagen desde la Estación Espacial Internacional De arriba al tornado En el nuevo estudio, Marion y sus colegas querían vincular la intensidad de los tornados que se forman en el fondo de la tormenta con los eventos que ocurren en la cima de la nube. Al aprovechar los datos de los satélites de alta resolución, los investigadores analizaron las tormentas productoras de tornados de 2017 a 2019 que azotaron una franja del centro de los EE. UU. desde Wisconsin hasta Louisiana. Escanearon imágenes en busca de las nubes más frías de la tormenta, las más altas en la atmósfera, y compararon el tamaño de la parte superior con la severidad del tornado.
El equipo descubrió que cuanto más grande era el área pico de la cima de la tormenta, más fuertes tendían a ser sus tornados . Los tornados con vientos que azotan a más de 219 kilómetros por hora o un EF3 en la escala Fujita mejorada eran más propensos a tener cimas más altas con áreas de más de 90 kilómetros cuadrados, un área casi tamaño de Disney World. Los vientos a esta velocidad son lo suficientemente fuertes como para levantar los automóviles del suelo y quitar los techos de las casas.
La parte superior de una tormenta tendió a alcanzar su tamaño máximo al mismo tiempo que un tornado comenzó a formarse o crecer en fuerza. Aunque el estudio no probó cómo se podría aplicar la técnica en los sistemas de avisos, el tiempo puede proporcionar una ventana fugaz para que los meteorólogos alerten a las personas a su paso.
Marion señaló que la información podría salvar vidas, pero los expertos deberían estar conscientes de cómo las personas podrían responder a tales notificaciones, particularmente para tornados más débiles.
«Decirle a alguien que viene un tornado débil versus un tornado fuerte probablemente provocará una respuesta diferente», dijo.
Los tornados generalmente se forman debajo de la corriente ascendente y la sobrecarga de una tormenta eléctrica. Crédito: NOAA Sin embargo, confiar en la parte superior para sobrepasar la intensidad del tornado requiere que la tormenta tenga uno, y no todos lo tienen. El trabajo en curso tiene como objetivo utilizar imágenes de satélite junto con datos del radar, lo que podría ayudar a los científicos a ver múltiples partes de la tormenta y desarrollar una herramienta en profundidad para vincular otras características de la tormenta con la intensidad del tornado, dijo Marion.
Vía: Tiempo (Revista RAM)
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