20";display:block;height:0;overflow:hidden}#page:after,.bdayh-wrap:after,.container-main:after,.bdayh-inner:after,#content:after,.topbar:after,#nav-menu:after,.primary-menu:after{clear:both}#page.boxed{max-width:1112px;margin:0 auto}.bdayh-wrap{max-width:1200px;padding:0 30px;margin:0 auto}#header{position:relative;z-index:3}#header .bdayh-inner{padding:30px 0}#main{position:relative;padding:30px 0 29px}.container-main{margin:0 -20px;padding:0}#content{float:left;width:65%;padding:0 20px;padding-right:30px;border-right:1px #e8e8e8 solid}.sidebar{position:relative;float:right;width:35%;padding:0 20px 0 30px}.sidebar-left #content{border-right:0 none;border-left:1px #e8e8e8 solid}.sidebar-left .sidebar{float:left;padding:0 30px 0 20px}.sidebar-left #content{float:right;padding:0 20px 0 30px}#topbar{clear:both;border-top:#fb4834 2px solid;background:#f5f5f5;line-height:37px;position:relative;z-index:70}#topbar.top-trans-bg{background:0 0}.topbar .social-icons{float:right}.social-icons{vertical-align:middle;overflow:hidden}.topbar .social-icons a,.top-search .search-btn{float:left;margin:0;width:37px;height:37px;line-height:37px;display:inline-block;text-align:center}.social-icons a{width:37px;height:37px;line-height:37px;display:inline-block;text-align:center;color:inherit}.topbar .social-icons a{color:inherit}.social-icons.icon-size-25 a i,.top-search .search-btn i{font-size:18px}.topbar .top-search{float:right;position:relative}.top-search .search-btn{position:relative}.top-search .search-dropdown{position:absolute;right:0;top:39px;width:262px;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:none}.top-search-content{padding:15px;overflow:hidden}.top-search input.search-field,.top-search input[type=search]{font-size:13px;width:192px;max-height:40px;float:left;padding:9px 8px;color:#999;margin:0;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;background:#fff;border:1px solid #fff;box-shadow:0 0 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);border-radius:0}.top-search button{background:#777;border:none;color:#fff;float:right;width:40px;height:40px;max-height:40px;display:inline;padding:0;border-radius:0;margin:0}.top-search .search-dropdown:before{position:absolute;top:-7px;right:13px;display:block;content:'';width:0;height:0;border-style:solid;border-width:0 6px 7px;border-color:transparent transparent #f9f9f9}.breaking-news{float:left;position:relative}.breaking-news .heading{float:left;margin-right:10px;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;font-weight:600}.breaking-news ul{float:left}.breaking-news ul li{display:none;line-height:35px}.breaking-news ul li i{margin-right:10px;font-size:10px;overflow:hidden;line-height:9px}.breaking-news ul li:first-child{display:block}.breaking-news ul li a{color:#707070;font-size:13px;font-weight:600}.header-ads{display:block;float:right;line-height:0}#articleTop-ads ins{margin:auto;max-width:100%!important;line-height:0}.header-ads,#articleTop-ads{text-align:center;overflow:hidden}.logo{display:inline-block}.logo h2{padding:0;margin:0}.logo * a,#topbar * a,#navigation * a{text-decoration:none}.logo-left .logo{float:left;margin-top:0}.site-title{line-height:20px}nav.navigation{max-height:50px;line-height:50px}nav.navigation #nav-menu{background:#f5f5f5;display:table;width:100%}nav.navigation.primary-menu-dark #nav-menu{box-shadow:none}nav.navigation.primary-menu-dark #nav-menu{background:#1f1f1f}.primary-menu ul#menu-primary{display:block;position:relative}.primary-menu ul,.primary-menu li{margin:0;padding:0;outline:0}.primary-menu ul li{position:relative}.primary-menu ul{position:relative}.primary-menu ul#menu-primary>li{float:left;position:relative}.bdayh-menu-border-color{content:'';position:absolute;height:3px;bottom:0;width:100%;left:0}.primary-menu ul#menu-primary>li>a>.bdayh-menu-border-color{background:rgba(0,0,0,.05)}.primary-menu ul#menu-primary>li>a{padding:0 10px;position:relative;display:block;font-size:13px;text-transform:none}.primary-menu ul#menu-primary>li.menu-item-has-children>a{padding-right:28px}.primary-menu ul#menu-primary>li.current-menu-parent{background:#fb4834}.primary-menu ul#menu-primary>li.current-menu-parent>a{color:#fff}.primary-menu ul>li>a,.primary-menu ul li ul li a{font-size:13px;font-weight:700;color:#787878}.primary-menu ul li ul li a{font-size:12px;font-weight:600}nav.navigation.primary-menu-dark .primary-menu ul>li>a{color:#fff}nav.navigation.primary-menu-dark .primary-menu ul#menu-primary>li>a{border-right:1px rgba(255,255,255,.05) solid;border-left:0}.primary-menu ul#menu-primary>li>a{border-right:1px rgba(0,0,0,.05) solid;border-left:0}.primary-menu ul#menu-primary>li.menu-item-has-children>a:after{content:'';position:absolute;top:50%;right:18px;margin-top:-2px;height:0;width:0;border:4px solid transparent;border-top-color:#aaa}.primary-menu ul#menu-primary>li.current-menu-parent.menu-item-has-children>a:after,nav.navigation.primary-menu-dark .primary-menu ul#menu-primary>li.menu-item-has-children>a:after{border-top-color:#fff}.primary-menu ul ul{display:none!important;-webkit-animation-duration:.4s;animation-duration:.4s;-webkit-animation-fill-mode:both;animation-fill-mode:both}.widget{display:block;position:relative}.sidebar .widget{margin-bottom:35px;width:100%;clear:both}.sidebar .widget:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.widget{font-size:13px;line-height:19px;position:relative}.widget form{position:relative}.widget_search .search-submit{position:absolute;right:0}.widget_search input{-webkit-border-radius:0;-moz-border-radius:0;border-radius:0}.widget_search .search-field{width:94%}.widget{overflow:hidden;padding:0 1px}section.widget:before,section.widget:after{content:" ";display:table}.post-header-bd header{overflow:hidden;border-bottom:1px #e8e8e8 solid}.post-header-bd header h1{font-size:32px;margin:6px 0 12px;padding:0;word-wrap:break-word;font-weight:700;width:100%}.post-header-bd header h1{color:#1f1f1f}.post-header-bd header .meta-info{font-size:85%;line-height:17px;text-transform:capitalize;margin-bottom:16px;position:relative;display:block;overflow:hidden;clear:both}.post-header-bd header .meta-info,.post-header-bd header .meta-info a{color:#777}.post-header-bd header .meta-info i{margin-right:3px}.post-header-bd header .meta-info div{display:inline-block;margin-right:8px}.post-content-bd{padding:30px 0 0;color:#2c2f34}.post-content-bd a{color:#fb4834}.post-featured{display:block;overflow:hidden;margin-bottom:22px}.post-featured-image-bd a{display:block;line-height:0}.post-featured-image-bd img{width:100%;height:auto;max-width:100%}.post-content-bd img{margin-bottom:21px}.post-content-bd figure img{margin-bottom:0}.title-bd{border-top:3px #fb4834 solid;display:block;min-height:12px;margin-top:13px;margin-bottom:20px}.title-bd h3{float:left;display:inline-block;font-weight:700;font-size:13px;line-height:13px;margin:-13px 0 0!important;background:#fb4834;border-radius:2px;padding:5px 11px 4px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;vertical-align:middle;text-transform:uppercase;z-index:10}.title-bd h3{color:#fff}#cancel-comment-reply-link{clear:both}#cancel-comment-reply-link{color:#fff;font-size:12px;font-weight:600;line-height:12px;padding:3px 9px;margin-left:3px;border-radius:3px}#cancel-comment-reply-link{background:#ccc;float:left;margin:0 10px 10px 0}#respond input{background:#fff;color:#404040;border:1px solid #e8e8e8;display:block;margin:0 0 9px;padding:7px 14px;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;line-height:19px}header .post-sharing-bd{border-top:1px #e8e8e8 solid;border-bottom:1px #e8e8e8 solid;position:relative;z-index:2;display:block;overflow:hidden;width:100%;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;padding:15px 0;margin:10px 0 -11px}header .post-sharing-bd{border-bottom:none;margin:0}.post-sharing-bd ul{float:none;overflow:hidden}.post-sharing-bd ul,.post-sharing-bd li,.post-sharing-bd a{margin:0;padding:0;outline:0}.post-sharing-bd li{visibility:visible;background:#1f1f1f;border-radius:2px;display:inline-block;text-align:center;width:45px;height:33px;line-height:33px;margin-left:4px;float:right}.post-sharing-bd li a{display:block;color:#fff;font-size:20px}.post-sharing-bd li.ps-title{background:0 0;color:#1f1f1f;visibility:visible;float:left;width:auto;margin:0}.post-sharing-bd li.ps-title i{font-size:21px;line-height:33px;font-weight:400}.post-sharing-bd li.facebook{background:#3b5998}.post-sharing-bd li.twitter{background:#55acee}.post-sharing-bd li.linkedin{background:#0976b4}.post-sharing-bd li.reddit{background:#ff4500}.post-sharing-bd li.pinterest{background:#cc2127}.post-sharing-bd li.whatsapp{background:#21ba2f;display:none}@media only screen and (max-width:1020px){.post-sharing-bd ul li.telegram,.post-sharing-bd ul li.whatsapp{display:inline-block}}.post-featured-image-bd{position:relative}.post-content-bd h3{line-height:120%;margin-top:0}.post-content-bd>div{margin-bottom:24px}article{overflow:hidden}.post-content-bd{position:relative;max-width:100%;display:block}.fa{font-family:FontAwesome!important}*,*:before,*:after{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;-ms-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}.bd-ClickOpen{display:none;margin:0;position:absolute;top:30px;left:13px;opacity:1;height:34px;width:40px;z-index:666}.bd-ClickOpen span{left:6px}.bd-ClickOpen span,.bd-ClickOpen span:after,.bd-ClickOpen span:before{top:5px;position:absolute;content:' ';display:block;height:3px;width:28px;background:#333;-webkit-border-radius:10px;-moz-border-radius:10px;border-radius:10px}.bd-ClickOpen span:before{top:8px}.bd-ClickOpen span:after{top:16px}.bd-MobileSiderbar{background:#fff;position:absolute;display:block;left:0;top:0;z-index:1;height:100%;width:80%;color:#ddd;-webkit-transform:translate3d(-102%,0,0);-moz-transform:translate3d(-102%,0,0);-ms-transform:translate3d(-102%,0,0);-o-transform:translate3d(-102%,0,0);transform:translate3d(-102%,0,0);-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;-moz-backface-visibility:hidden;-ms-backface-visibility:hidden;-o-backface-visibility:hidden;backface-visibility:hidden}.search-mobile{margin:20px;height:40px;overflow:hidden;background:#f6f6f6;position:relative;-webkit-border-radius:2px;-moz-border-radius:2px;border-radius:2px}.search-mobile #s-mobile{background:0 0;float:left;margin:0;padding:10px 12px;width:92%;color:#444;font-size:12px;line-height:20px}.search-mobile button.search-button,.search-mobile #s-mobile{-webkit-border-radius:0!important;-moz-border-radius:0!important;border-radius:0!important;border:0 none!important;box-shadow:none!important;-webkit-box-shadow:none!important}.search-mobile button.search-button{background:#f43d2a;position:absolute;top:0;right:0;height:40px;padding:0!important;margin:0!important;width:40px;font-size:18px;color:#fff;z-index:444}.bd-MobileSiderbar #mobile-menu ul ul{display:none}.bd-MobileSiderbar #mobile-menu li{list-style:none;position:relative}.bd-MobileSiderbar #mobile-menu a{color:#656565;display:block;font-size:15px;padding:9px 0 9px 20px;min-height:45px;border-bottom:1px solid #f6f6f6;text-transform:uppercase}.bd-MobileSiderbar #mobile-menu ul ul a{font-size:13px;padding-left:30px}.page-outer{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.bg-cover{position:fixed;background-repeat:no-repeat;top:0;left:0;z-index:0;overflow:hidden;width:100%;height:100%;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover}#bdCheckAlso{background:#fff;position:fixed;z-index:999;bottom:65px;right:-350px;width:300px;border-bottom:0 none;padding:10px 20px 20px;border-top-width:4px;border-top-style:solid;-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 3px rgba(68,68,68,.08);-moz-box-shadow:0 0 3px rgba(68,68,68,.08);box-shadow:0 0 3px rgba(68,68,68,.08);border:0 none!important}#bdCheckAlso{border-top-color:#e6ae48}.check-also-post{padding-bottom:10px;margin-bottom:10px;border-bottom:1px solid #eee}.check-also-post:last-child{padding-bottom:0;margin-bottom:0;border-bottom:0 none}.check-also-post .post-title{margin:15px 0 10px;padding:0;font-size:16px;line-height:22px}.check-also-post p{font-size:14px;line-height:18px;margin:0;padding:0}.title-bd{position:relative;display:block}#check-also-close{position:absolute;right:0;top:-13px;padding-left:7px;background:#fff}.check-also-thumb{width:260px;height:130px;background-position:center;-webkit-background-size:cover;-moz-background-size:cover;-o-background-size:cover;background-size:cover}#reading-position-indicator{display:block;height:4px;position:fixed;bottom:0;left:0;width:0;z-index:9999;max-width:100%;background:#fb4834}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1023px){#page.boxed{margin:0 auto}.bdayh-wrap{padding:0}.container-main{margin:0}#content,.sidebar{float:none;width:100%;padding:0!important;display:block}.post-content-bd{padding:20px}.post-featured,#articleTop-ads{margin-right:-20px;margin-left:-20px}.sidebar{padding-top:40px}.breaking-news{width:100%;overflow:hidden;clear:both;display:block;text-align:center;margin-bottom:10px}.breaking-news .heading{float:none;display:inline-block;clear:both}.breaking-news ul{width:100%;overflow:hidden}.breaking-news ul li{line-height:20px}.topbar .social-icons,.topbar .social-icons a{float:left;overflow:inherit}header#header{text-align:center}#header .bdayh-inner{padding:15px 0}.logo-left .logo{float:none;margin:15px 0 25px}.header-ads{float:none;margin-top:15px;text-align:center}.primary-menu{display:block}.sidebar{border:none!important}#content{margin-bottom:50px;clear:both;float:none}.menu-label{display:block!important}.primary-menu ul#menu-primary>li>a{padding:0 10px;font-size:12px}.sidebar{width:auto!important;max-width:100%!important;top:auto!important;bottom:auto!important;left:auto!important;right:auto!important;position:relative!important}.widget{padding:0 20px}.post-header-bd header h1{padding:0 20px}#content{border:0 none!important}body{background:0 0!important;background-size:0!important;-o-background-size:0!important;-moz-background-size:0!important;-webkit-background-size:0!important}.primary-menu{display:none}.bd-ClickOpen{display:block!important}.bd-ClickOpen{top:15px}#page{box-shadow:none!important}}@media (max-width:767px){#page.boxed{margin:0 auto}.bdayh-wrap{padding:0}.container-main{margin:0}#content,.sidebar{float:none;width:100%;padding:0 10px!important;display:block}.sidebar{padding-top:40px}.breaking-news{width:100%;overflow:hidden;clear:both;display:block;text-align:center;margin-bottom:10px}.breaking-news .heading{float:none;display:inline-block;clear:both}.breaking-news ul{width:100%;overflow:hidden}.breaking-news ul li{line-height:20px}.topbar .social-icons,.topbar .social-icons a{float:left;overflow:inherit}.breaking-news i{display:none}header#header{text-align:center}#header .bdayh-inner{padding:15px 0}.logo-left .logo{float:none;margin:15px 0 25px}.header-ads{float:none;margin-top:15px;text-align:center}.primary-menu{display:none}.sidebar{border:none!important}#content{margin-bottom:50px;clear:both;float:none}.post-sharing-bd li{width:33px}.post-sharing-bd li,.post-sharing-bd ul{text-align:center}.sidebar{width:auto!important;max-width:100%!important;top:auto!important;bottom:auto!important;left:auto!important;right:auto!important;position:relative!important}#content{border:0 none!important}#content,.sidebar{float:none;width:99%;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:99%;padding:0!important;display:block}.post-content-bd{padding:20px}.post-featured,#articleTop-ads{margin-right:-20px;margin-left:-20px}.widget{padding:0 10px}.post-header-bd header h1{padding:0 20px}body{background:0 0!important;background-size:0!important;-o-background-size:0!important;-moz-background-size:0!important;-webkit-background-size:0!important}.bd-ClickOpen{display:block!important}.bd-ClickOpen{top:15px}#page{box-shadow:none!important}}@media (max-width:368px){#page.boxed{margin:0 auto}.bdayh-wrap{padding:0}.container-main{margin:0}#content,.sidebar{float:none;width:100%;padding:0 10px!important;display:block}.sidebar{padding-top:40px}.breaking-news{width:100%;overflow:hidden;clear:both;display:block;text-align:center;margin-bottom:10px}.breaking-news .heading{float:none;display:inline-block;clear:both}.breaking-news ul{width:100%;overflow:hidden}.breaking-news ul li{line-height:20px}.topbar .social-icons,.topbar .social-icons a{float:left;overflow:inherit}.breaking-news i{display:none}header#header{text-align:center}#header .bdayh-inner{padding:15px 0}.logo-left .logo{float:none;margin:15px 0 25px}.header-ads{float:none;margin-top:15px;text-align:center}.primary-menu{display:none}.sidebar{border:none!important}#content{margin-bottom:50px;clear:both;float:none}.post-sharing-bd li{width:33px}.post-sharing-bd li,.post-sharing-bd ul{text-align:center}.sidebar{width:auto!important;max-width:100%!important;top:auto!important;bottom:auto!important;left:auto!important;right:auto!important;position:relative!important}#content{border:0 none!important}#content,.sidebar{float:none;width:99%;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:99%;padding:0!important;display:block}.post-content-bd{padding:20px}.post-featured,#articleTop-ads{margin-right:-20px;margin-left:-20px}.widget{padding:0 10px}.post-header-bd header h1{padding:0 20px}body{background:0 0!important;background-size:0!important;-o-background-size:0!important;-moz-background-size:0!important;-webkit-background-size:0!important}.bd-ClickOpen{display:block!important}.bd-ClickOpen{top:15px}#page{box-shadow:none!important}}*:before,*:after{box-sizing:border-box}.sidebar,.content,.bdayh-inner,.theia_sticky,div.theiaStickySidebar{-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden!important;backface-visibility:hidden!important;-moz-transform-origin:0 0!important;-webkit-animation-fill-mode:unset!important;animation-fill-mode:unset!important;-webkit-transform:none!important;transform:none!important;right:initial!important;left:initial!important}}.fa{display:inline-block;font:normal normal normal 14px/1 FontAwesome;font-size:inherit;text-rendering:auto;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;transform:translate(0,0)}.fa-search:before{content:"\f002"}.fa-close:before{content:"\f00d"}.fa-bookmark:before{content:"\f02e"}.fa-eye:before{content:"\f06e"}.fa-twitter:before{content:"\f099"}.fa-facebook:before{content:"\f09a"}.fa-pinterest:before{content:"\f0d2"}.fa-linkedin:before{content:"\f0e1"}.fa-comments-o:before{content:"\f0e6"}.fa-reddit:before{content:"\f1a1"}.fa-share-alt:before{content:"\f1e0"}.fa-whatsapp:before{content:"\f232"}:root{--swiper-theme-color:#007aff}.jp-carousel-overlay .swiper-container{list-style:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:relative;z-index:1}.jp-carousel-overlay .swiper-wrapper{box-sizing:content-box;display:flex;height:100%;position:relative;width:100%;z-index:1}.jp-carousel-overlay .swiper-wrapper{transform:translateZ(0)}:root{--swiper-navigation-size:44px}.jp-carousel-overlay .swiper-button-next,.jp-carousel-overlay .swiper-button-prev{align-items:center;color:var(--swiper-navigation-color,var(--swiper-theme-color));display:flex;height:var(--swiper-navigation-size);justify-content:center;margin-top:calc(0px - var(--swiper-navigation-size)/2);position:absolute;top:50%;width:calc(var(--swiper-navigation-size)/44*27);z-index:10}.jp-carousel-overlay .swiper-button-next:after,.jp-carousel-overlay .swiper-button-prev:after{font-family:swiper-icons;font-size:var(--swiper-navigation-size);font-variant:normal;letter-spacing:0;line-height:1;text-transform:none!important;text-transform:none}.jp-carousel-overlay .swiper-button-prev{left:10px;right:auto}.jp-carousel-overlay .swiper-button-prev:after{content:"prev"}.jp-carousel-overlay .swiper-button-next{left:auto;right:10px}.jp-carousel-overlay .swiper-button-next:after{content:"next"}.jp-carousel-overlay .swiper-pagination{position:absolute;text-align:center;transform:translateZ(0);z-index:10}:root{--jp-carousel-primary-color:#fff;--jp-carousel-primary-subtle-color:#999;--jp-carousel-bg-color:#000;--jp-carousel-bg-faded-color:#222;--jp-carousel-border-color:#3a3a3a}.jp-carousel-overlay .swiper-button-next,.jp-carousel-overlay .swiper-button-prev{background-image:none}.jp-carousel-wrap *{line-height:inherit}.jp-carousel-wrap.swiper-container{height:auto;width:100vw}.jp-carousel-overlay .swiper-button-next,.jp-carousel-overlay .swiper-button-prev{background-image:none;height:auto;opacity:.5;padding:20px 40px;width:auto}.jp-carousel-overlay .swiper-button-next:after,.jp-carousel-overlay .swiper-button-prev:after{content:none}.jp-carousel-overlay .swiper-button-next svg,.jp-carousel-overlay .swiper-button-prev svg{background:var(--jp-carousel-bg-color);border-radius:4px;height:30px;width:28px}.jp-carousel-overlay{background:var(--jp-carousel-bg-color);bottom:0;direction:ltr;font-family:Helvetica Neue,sans-serif!important;left:0;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:auto;position:fixed;right:0;top:0;z-index:2147483647}.jp-carousel-overlay *{box-sizing:border-box}.jp-carousel-overlay h2:before,.jp-carousel-overlay h3:before{content:none;display:none}.jp-carousel-overlay .swiper-container .swiper-button-prev{left:0;right:auto}.jp-carousel-overlay .swiper-container .swiper-button-next{left:auto;right:0}.jp-carousel-container{display:grid;grid-template-rows:1fr 64px;height:100%}.jp-carousel-info{-webkit-font-smoothing:subpixel-antialiased!important;background-color:var(--jp-carousel-bg-color);display:flex;flex-direction:column;opacity:1;text-align:left!important;z-index:100}.jp-carousel-info-footer{align-items:center;display:flex;height:64px;justify-content:space-between;position:relative}.jp-carousel-info-extra,.jp-carousel-info-footer{background-color:var(--jp-carousel-bg-color);width:100vw}.jp-carousel-info-extra{border-top:1px solid var(--jp-carousel-bg-faded-color);display:none;padding:35px}.jp-carousel-title-and-caption{margin-bottom:15px}.jp-carousel-photo-info{left:0!important;width:100%!important}.jp-carousel-comments-wrapper{display:none;padding:0;width:100%!important}.jp-carousel-close-hint{color:var(--jp-carousel-primary-color);height:45px;letter-spacing:0!important;padding:10px;position:fixed;right:30px;text-align:right;top:20px;width:45px;z-index:15}.jp-carousel-close-hint svg{background:var(--jp-carousel-bg-color);border-radius:4px;padding:3px 2px}.jp-carousel-pagination-container{flex:1;margin:0 15px 0 35px}.jp-carousel-pagination,.jp-swiper-pagination{color:var(--jp-carousel-primary-color);display:none;font-size:15px;font-weight:400;position:static!important;white-space:nowrap}.jp-carousel-pagination-container .swiper-pagination{line-height:8px;text-align:left}.jp-carousel-pagination{padding-left:5px}.jp-carousel-info-footer .jp-carousel-photo-title-container{flex-basis:50vw;flex:4;justify-content:center;margin:0;overflow:hidden}.jp-carousel-photo-caption,.jp-carousel-photo-title{background:none!important;border:none!important;color:var(--jp-carousel-primary-color);display:inline-block;font:normal 20px/1.3em Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0!important;line-height:normal;margin:0 0 10px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;text-shadow:none!important;text-transform:none!important}.jp-carousel-info-footer .jp-carousel-photo-caption{color:var(--jp-carousel-primary-subtle-color);font-size:15px;margin:0;text-align:center;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}.jp-carousel-photo-title{font-size:32px;margin-bottom:2px}.jp-carousel-photo-description{color:var(--jp-carousel-primary-subtle-color);font-size:16px;margin:25px 0;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;width:100%}.jp-carousel-caption{font-size:14px;font-weight:400;margin:0}.jp-carousel-image-meta{color:var(--jp-carousel-primary-color);display:none;font-size:13px;font:12px/1.4 Helvetica Neue,sans-serif!important;width:100%}.jp-carousel-image-meta ul{list-style:none!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}a.jp-carousel-image-download{clear:both;color:var(--jp-carousel-primary-subtle-color);display:inline-block;font-size:14px;font-weight:400;line-height:1;text-decoration:none}a.jp-carousel-image-download svg{display:inline-block;margin:0 3px;padding-bottom:2px;vertical-align:middle}.jp-carousel-comments{background:none transparent;bottom:10px;font:15px/1.7 Helvetica Neue,sans-serif!important;font-weight:400;margin-top:20px;width:100%}#jp-carousel-comment-form{margin:0 0 10px!important;width:100%}textarea#jp-carousel-comment-form-comment-field{background:var(--jp-carousel-bg-faded-color);border:1px solid var(--jp-carousel-border-color);border-radius:3px;box-shadow:inset 2px 2px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--jp-carousel-primary-subtle-color);float:none;font:16px/1.4 Helvetica Neue,sans-serif!important;height:147px;margin:0;overflow:hidden;padding:10px 10px 5px;width:100%}textarea#jp-carousel-comment-form-comment-field::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:#555}#jp-carousel-loading-overlay{bottom:0;display:none;left:0;position:fixed;right:0;top:0}#jp-carousel-loading-wrapper{align-items:center;display:flex;height:100vh;justify-content:center;width:100vw}#jp-carousel-library-loading,#jp-carousel-library-loading:after{border-radius:50%;height:40px;width:40px}#jp-carousel-library-loading{animation:load8 1.1s linear infinite;border:8px solid hsla(0,0%,100%,.2);border-left:8px solid var(--jp-carousel-primary-color);float:left;font-size:10px;margin:22px 0 0 10px;position:relative;text-indent:-9999em;transform:translateZ(0)}#jp-carousel-comment-form-spinner,#jp-carousel-comment-form-spinner:after{border-radius:50%;height:20px;width:20px}#jp-carousel-comment-form-spinner{animation:load8 1.1s linear infinite;border:4px solid hsla(0,0%,100%,.2);border-left:4px solid var(--jp-carousel-primary-color);bottom:0;display:none;float:left;font-size:10px;left:0;margin:0 auto;position:absolute;right:0;text-indent:-9999em;top:calc(50% - 15px);transform:translateZ(0)}@keyframes load8{0%{transform:rotate(0deg)}to{transform:rotate(1turn)}}.jp-carousel-info-content-wrapper{margin:auto;max-width:800px}#jp-carousel-comment-form-submit-and-info-wrapper{display:none;overflow:hidden;width:100%}#jp-carousel-comment-form-commenting-as input{background:var(--jp-carousel-bg-color);border:1px solid var(--jp-carousel-border-color);border-radius:2px;box-shadow:inset 2px 2px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.2);color:var(--jp-carousel-primary-subtle-color);float:left;font:16px/1.4 Helvetica Neue,sans-serif!important;padding:10px;width:285px}#jp-carousel-comment-form-commenting-as fieldset{border:none;clear:both;float:left;margin:20px 0 0;padding:0}#jp-carousel-comment-form-commenting-as label{float:left;font:400 13px/1.7 Helvetica Neue,sans-serif!important;margin:0 20px 3px 0;width:100px}#jp-carousel-comment-form-button-submit{background:var(--jp-carousel-bg-color);border:1px solid var(--jp-carousel-primary-color);border-radius:3px;color:var(--jp-carousel-primary-color);display:block;font-size:14px;margin-left:auto;margin-top:20px;padding:8px 16px}#jp-carousel-comment-form-container{color:var(--jp-carousel-primary-subtle-color);margin-bottom:15px;margin-top:20px;overflow:hidden;position:relative;width:100%}#jp-carousel-comment-post-results{display:none;overflow:auto;width:100%}#jp-carousel-comments-loading{color:var(--jp-carousel-primary-subtle-color);display:none}#jp-carousel-comments-loading{bottom:10px;font:400 15px/1.7 Helvetica Neue,sans-serif!important;margin-bottom:20px;margin-top:20px;text-align:left;width:100%}.jp-carousel-photo-icons-container{display:block;flex:1;margin:0 20px 0 30px;text-align:right;white-space:nowrap}.jp-carousel-icon-btn{background:0 0;border:none;display:inline-block;height:64px;padding:16px;text-decoration:none}.jp-carousel-icon{border:none;border-radius:4px;display:inline-block;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:0;padding:4px 3px 3px;width:31px}.jp-carousel-icon svg{display:inline-block}.jp-carousel-overlay rect{fill:var(--jp-carousel-primary-color)}.jp-carousel-icon .jp-carousel-has-comments-indicator{background:var(--jp-carousel-primary-color);border-radius:4px;color:var(--jp-carousel-bg-color);display:none;font-family:Helvetica Neue,sans-serif!important;font-size:12px;font-weight:400;line-height:1;margin-left:-16px;padding:2px 4px;position:relative;vertical-align:top}@media only screen and (max-width:760px){.jp-carousel-overlay .swiper-container .swiper-button-next,.jp-carousel-overlay .swiper-container .swiper-button-prev{display:none!important}.jp-carousel-image-meta{box-sizing:border-box;float:none!important;margin-left:0;width:100%!important}.jp-carousel-close-hint{font-size:26px!important;position:fixed!important;right:10px;top:10px}.jp-carousel-wrap{background-color:var(--jp-carousel-bg-color)}.jp-carousel-caption{overflow:visible!important}.jp-carousel-info-footer .jp-carousel-photo-title-container{display:none}.jp-carousel-photo-icons-container{margin:0 10px 0 0;white-space:nowrap}.jp-carousel-icon-btn{padding-left:20px}.jp-carousel-pagination{padding-left:5px}.jp-carousel-pagination-container{margin-left:25px}#jp-carousel-comment-form-commenting-as fieldset,#jp-carousel-comment-form-commenting-as input{float:none;width:100%}}:root{--jetpack--contact-form--border:1px solid #8c8f94;--jetpack--contact-form--border-color:#8c8f94;--jetpack--contact-form--border-size:1px;--jetpack--contact-form--border-style:solid;--jetpack--contact-form--border-radius:0px;--jetpack--contact-form--input-padding:16px}#jp-relatedposts{clear:both;display:none;margin:1em 0;padding-top:1em;position:relative}.jp-relatedposts:after{clear:both;content:"";display:block}#jp-relatedposts h3.jp-relatedposts-headline{display:inline-block;float:left;font-family:inherit;font-size:9pt;font-weight:700;margin:0 0 1em}#jp-relatedposts h3.jp-relatedposts-headline em:before{border-top:1px solid #dcdcde;border-top:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.2);content:"";display:block;margin-bottom:1em;min-width:30px;width:100%}#jp-relatedposts h3.jp-relatedposts-headline em{font-style:normal;font-weight:700}.screen-reader-text{clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);word-wrap:normal!important;border:0;-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%);clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute!important;width:1px}#amp-mobile-version-switcher{left:0;position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:100}#amp-mobile-version-switcher>a{background-color:#444;border:0;color:#eaeaea;display:block;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:16px;font-weight:600;padding:15px 0;text-align:center;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none}
El ácido en los océanos acabaría con los arrecifes de coral en 30 años – Nuestroclima
A medida que el nivel de ácido en el agua de los océanos aumenta, la arena compuesta por carbonatos en los arrecifes de coral va disminuyendo . Según un estudio, este descenso se iniciará en un promedio de unas tres décadas .
Durante miles de años, los restos en descomposición del coral, así como otros organismos de arrecifes, han permitido la formación de arenas carbonatadas . Estas se han convertido en el ‘material de construcción’ para los marcos de los arrecifes de coral y los entornos de arrecifes poco profundos como lagunas, llanuras de arrecifes y cayos de arena coralina.
Dicho tipo de terreno es sensible a la composición química del mar . Buena parte del dióxido de carbono que emitimos los humanos lo absorben los océanos del mundo (se calcula que hasta la fecha ya han absorbido un tercio del CO2 producido). El impacto de esta absorción se traduce en que los océanos se impregnan de dióxido de carbono, se acidifican y, en cierto punto, las arenas de carbonato comienzan a disolverse.
La acidificación también produce una reducción en la cantidad de carbono producido por los corales. El estudio ha mostrado que los arrecifes se enfrentan a una doble consecuencia con esta intoxicación. Por una parte, la cantidad de material de carbonato producido disminuirá, y por otro, las arenas carbonatadas recién producidas y almacenadas también se disolverán.
Escasas soluciones Para la investigación, se colocó una serie de cámaras submarinas sobre diferentes arenas de arrecifes de coral. Concretamente en 22 ubicaciones de Heron Island (Australia), Hawaii, las islas Bermudas y Tetiaroa, arrecifes del océano Pacífico y Atlántico.
Los resultados demuestran que la velocidad a la que se disuelve la arena está relacionada con los niveles de ácido en el agua que la cubre . Esto indica que los corales tienen la capacidad de adaptarse a unas nuevas condiciones de acidez, pero no pasa lo mismo con el terreno arenoso al tratarse de un proceso geoquímico.
Las muestras de los arrecifes revelaron que la respuesta ante la futura acidificación de los océanos es la misma. No obstante, las diferentes condiciones de partida de cada ubicación provocan un impacto distinto entre ellos. Por ejemplo, las arenas de carbonato de la zona de Hawaii ya están en proceso de disolución, mientras que las de Tetiaroa aún no se han iniciado.
A pesar de esta variación, se calcula que a finales de siglo experimentarán una disolución completa de las arenas . Lo que se desconoce, por el momento, es si un arrecife completo se erosionará poco a poco o sufrirá un colapso una vez que los sedimentos se disuelvan completamente. De una forma u otra, lo cierto es que no existe una solución eficaz para este problema. Por el momento, tan solo se puede reducir el impacto de la acidificación de los océanos, gestionando el impacto de la materia orgánica como las algas a escala local y regional.
Vía: Muyinteresante
También te puede interesar
Estas fotografías son las mejores del Epson International